{
  "abstract": "Interactions between the intestinal microbiota, epithelial barrier and mucosal immune system have prompted investigation of gut-directed interventions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review examines whether modifying these interactions can improve clinical outcomes and assesses the strength of the available evidence in RA. In experimental arthritis, interventions that preserve epithelial integrity or alter microbial metabolism can reduce disease severity, providing a biological basis for further study. However, their relevance to human RA remains uncertain, since effects observed in animal models do not establish clinical efficacy, and changes in intestinal measurements alone do not demonstrate improvement in joint disease. Future controlled trials should assess disease activity, and physical function alongside microbial composition and function, intestinal measurements and immune responses. Repeated sampling may help establish whether intestinal changes precede or accompany clinical improvement, while recording medication exposure and dietary intake is needed to interpret these relationships. Candidate biomarkers will require prospective validation before they can be used to select patients for treatment. These studies should determine whether gut-directed interventions provide additional clinical benefit, in whom, and at what risk.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College",
    "Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College",
    "Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College",
    "Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jan Bilski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Agata I. Schramm-Luc"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marian Szczepanik"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Piotr Pierzchalski"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kevin Luc"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15tb1qa4anres.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13714585",
  "id": "15tb1qa4anres",
  "issns": [
    "1664-3224"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221756413",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714585",
  "pmid": "42953051",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15tb1qa4anres.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953051",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953051"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:22:03Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13714585",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2026.1936364"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Gut microbiota and health",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic implications and future directions",
  "title_text": "Gut microbiota and intestinal permeability in rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic implications and future directions",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:22:03Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/15tb1qa4anres",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Immunology",
  "versions": []
}