{
  "abstract": "Observations suggest a connection between steady-wind mass loss and coronal X-ray activity in low-mass main-sequence stars. Interpreting this connection is challenging because the wind is controlled mainly by the large-scale open field, whereas X-ray emission traces heating in small-scale closed fields often unresolved in global wind models. Here we use Space Weather Modeling Framework–Alfvén-Wave Solar Model with global convective dynamo-generated magnetic maps and solar magnetograms. We model Alfvén-wave-heated winds for four solar-type stars plus the Sun, spanning rotation rates of 1.0–23.3 times the solar rate, and magnetic field strengths of 6.0–1200 G. Our models show that faster rotation yields a more tightly wound spiral, a larger Alfvén surface, higher terminal wind speeds, and a harsher wind-pressure environment for orbiting exoplanets, different from that of the present-day Sun. We estimate the mass- and angular-momentum-loss rates and find systematic differences from Zeeman–Doppler imaging based predictions. Building on the successful reproduction of X-ray coronae in our Paper I, we obtain the first self-consistent activity–wind relation in a unified modeling framework: the mass-loss rate scales with the surface X-ray flux following a power law with an index of ∼0.67. We also reexamine magnetic braking via open-flux magnetization, finding that the effective Alfvénic lever arm depends on the magnetization parameter with a power-law index of ∼0.35. Finally, we quantify the stellar wind pressure at the orbits of several super-Earths. Together with our Paper I, the series of results shows the distinct roles of multiscale magnetic fields and provides physically grounded inputs for assessing habitable-zone space weather.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Nanjing University",
    "Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University)",
    "Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam",
    "University of Birmingham",
    "Aalto University",
    "Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung",
    "KTH Royal Institute of Technology & Stockholm University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yue-Hong 悦虹 Chen 陈",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1220-1582"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Julián D. Alvarado-Gómez",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5052-3473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xin Cheng",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2837-7136"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Victor See",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5986-3423"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yu Dai",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9856-2770"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Maarit J. Korpi-Lagg",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9614-2200"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jörn Warnecke",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9292-4600"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chen Xing",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6550-1522"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mingde Ding",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4978-4972"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/16dxtwa815w8e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/aeab7e",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "16dxtwa815w8e",
  "issns": [
    "0004-637X",
    "1538-4357"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeab7e",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223692578",
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeab7e/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/16dxtwa815w8e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4357/aeab7e",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aeab7e"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "High-resolution Modeling of Coronae and Winds in Solar-type Stars with Varying Rotation Rates. II. Stellar Winds",
  "title_text": "High-resolution Modeling of Coronae and Winds in Solar-type Stars with Varying Rotation Rates. II. Stellar Winds",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/16dxtwa815w8e",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": []
}