{
  "abstract": "Spin--orbit torque MRAM (SOT-MRAM) is a leading candidate for next-generation nonvolatile memory, offering high speed, endurance, and architectural compatibility. However, in conventional SOT switching, the magnetization remains near the in-plane region at pulse termination, making the final state highly sensitive to post-pulse relaxation dynamics and prone to back-switching. To overcome this, we propose a field-free scheme in which the transverse SOT drives large-angle precessional excitation while the perpendicular spin-transfer torque (STT) biases the trajectory toward the reversed $-z$ state. Micromagnetic simulations reveal a nonlinear switching boundary in the $J_{\\mathrm{STT}}$--$J_{\\mathrm{SOT}}$ parameter space, originating from the distinct dynamical roles of the two torques: SOT primarily governs the excitation and crossing of the dynamical separatrix, whereas STT controls the terminal trajectory and final-state selection. An analytical macrospin model, based on the stability analysis of the current-induced equilibrium, reproduces the critical-boundary trends as functions of current density, Gilbert damping $α$, and uniaxial anisotropy $K_\\mathrm{u}$, and distinguishes dynamic anti-damping and static instability branches. Systematic analyses of pulse duration, damping, anisotropy, and the STT--SOT balance further demonstrate that reliable ultrafast switching requires not only sufficient excitation to cross the separatrix before pulse termination, but also precise control of the pulse-end magnetization state to minimize post-pulse relaxation. These results establish that the pulse-end state, rather than the instantaneous torque amplitude, is the decisive factor governing switching speed and reliability in coupled STT--SOT systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.11191",
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Zeyi Zhu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ding Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kai Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mingwei Wu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yi Huang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jiarui Niu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shuai Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mengdi Yin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ka-San Mak"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lina Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bo Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tiejun Zhou"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yongbing Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ronghua Liu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17nks5ffp0kby.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.11191",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "17nks5ffp0kby",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11191",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cond-mat.mes-hall"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cond-mat.mtrl-sci"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3107|Magnetic properties of thin films"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221136142",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.11191",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17nks5ffp0kby.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:27:54Z",
      "native_id": "2610.11191",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.11191"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:cond-mat.mes-hall",
      "subfield": "condensed-matter"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cooperative STT and SOT switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions: Role of the pulse-end magnetization state",
  "title_text": "Cooperative STT and SOT switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions: Role of the pulse-end magnetization state",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:27:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17nks5ffp0kby",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}