{
  "abstract": "Photochromic (PC) is known as a technology that modulates color or visible light transmittance in response to light exposure, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Due to its versatility, it has attracted significant attention by extensive applicability, including lenses, smart windows, displays, and sensors. PC materials are primarily categorized into organic and inorganic fields. Among these materials, tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is recognized as a representative inorganic material for PC applications. WO 3 has exceptional durability, superior reversibility, and a wide optical modulation range. However, despite these advantages, WO 3 based PC devices often exhibit critically slow bleaching kinetics. This limitation is caused by the hindered recombination of photogenerated charge carriers within the WO 3 lattice. The slow switching response remains a significant hurdle for the commercialization of tungsten oxide-based PC devices. In this study, our group incorporates carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as a functional additive to accelerate the coloration and bleaching kinetics of the device. CQDs act as a material by establishing rapid charge transfer pathways via C-C bonding between the methyl cellulose matrix and WO 3 particles. Simultaneously, they act as charge donors, a role facilitated by the energy bandgap disparity between WO 3 and the CQDs. By incorporating CQDs, the optimized 2CQD/WO₃ sample achieved coloration and bleaching times of 70 min and 100 min, shortening the response times by 12.5% and 44.4%, respectively, compared to those of the bare sample (80 min and 180 min).",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea",
    "Corresponding author."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ki-Won Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Myeong-Hun Jo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hyo-Jin Ahn"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17wdm8nqrqxx1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.apsadv.2026.101062",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666523926001327",
  "id": "17wdm8nqrqxx1",
  "issns": [
    "2666-5239"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2026.101062",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "TA401-492"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "TP250-261"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2507|Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212667542",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17wdm8nqrqxx1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:27Z",
      "native_id": "13dc8aae132642dd8535da710a24db77",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2026.101062"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2507|Transition Metal Oxide Nanomaterials",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Carbon quantum dot effects on WO",
  "title_text": "Carbon quantum dot effects on WO",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17wdm8nqrqxx1",
  "venue": "Applied Surface Science Advances",
  "versions": []
}