{
  "abstract": "Zero-excess solid-state sodium batteries plate Na during charging, which places severe demands on the mechanical stability of the evolving anode and its interfaces. This work resolves the spatiotemporal evolution of phase formation and mechanical stresses across buried interfaces in a Na-Pb model system using a custom-built operando cell for cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction with a beam of 150 nm in diameter. The operando phase maps reveal that Na, Pb/NaPb3, and NaPb/Na9Pb4 phases coexist spatially during plating, contradicting the predominantly sequential pathway reported for liquid-electrolyte Na-Pb systems. The temporal evolution of the deviatoric in-plane stress reveals an increasingly compressive state within the solid-state electrolyte, concentrated near the interface and consistent with Na filling residual pores within the ceramic electrolyte, thereby creating local stress concentrations associated with dendritic growth and failure. Unexpectedly, comparison with beam-free reference cells reveals that X-ray exposure measurably suppresses Na plating, evidenced by an altered electrochemical response and substantially reduced Na and alloy formation. Suppressed phase formation at previously unexposed positions further shows that the beam-induced perturbation extends beyond the irradiated region, unlike the predominantly localized effects reported for liquid-electrolyte systems. This non-local response is consistent with radiation-induced charge generation within the ceramic electrolyte and demonstrates that X-ray exposure can directly alter the electrochemical process being probed in solid-state systems under bias.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Henrik Rotvær Bratlie"
    },
    {
      "name": "Verena Reisecker"
    },
    {
      "name": "François Lienard"
    },
    {
      "name": "Juraj Todt"
    },
    {
      "name": "Steven T. Boles"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tobias M. Huber"
    },
    {
      "name": "Manfred Burghammer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jozef Keckes"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Rettenwander",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2074-941X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17ymnb29pbjm4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008488/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "17ymnb29pbjm4",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008488/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7211941912",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008488/v1",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-08",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17ymnb29pbjm4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008488",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008488/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "source:chemrxiv",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Operando Cross-Sectional Nanoscale Imaging of Na Anode Formation in Zero-Excess Solid-State Batteries: Coupled Phase–Stress Evolution and X-ray Beam Effects",
  "title_text": "Operando Cross-Sectional Nanoscale Imaging of Na Anode Formation in Zero-Excess Solid-State Batteries: Coupled Phase–Stress Evolution and X-ray Beam Effects",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/17ymnb29pbjm4",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}