{
  "abstract": "Due to their low signal-to-noise ratio and non-stationarity, accurately classifying EEG signals is still one of the main hindrances that limit the real-world applications of a brain-computer interface (BCI). Deep learning (DL) is a potential method for addressing the problem. However, how to create a suitable DL network for motor imagery (MI)-based BCIs poses severe challenges in the case of insufficient training data. In this paper, a DL network based on multiscale convolutional neural network (CNN) and temporal and channel attention mechanisms is proposed for decoding MI tasks. Temporal and spatial features are extracted by four parallel CNN branches, each of which is followed by a Transformer block for learning the global correlations of local time features. The outputs from the four Transformer blocks are concatenated along channel dimension and then input into a channel attention module for channel fusion. The subsequent feature map is classified by a CNN, which replaces the commonly used fully connected layer for reducing computational complexity. The proposed network was evaluated on three publicly available BCI datasets and compared with five state-of-the-art DL networks. The training data sets are augmented using the approach segmentation and reconstruction. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network achieved an average accuracy of 80.21% on Dataset 1 (4-class tasks), 90.19% on Dataset 2 (2-class tasks), and 97.32% on Dataset 3 (4-class tasks), surpassing the strongest baselines FBCNet on Dataset 1, MSFBCNN on Dataset 2 and MSFBCNN on Dataset 3 by 2.59%, 1.27%, and 1.99% respectively. The network effectively decoded the MI-based EEG signals, providing a potential method for BCI applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Information Engineering, Gongqing College of Nanchang University, Jiujiang, China.",
    "School of Information Engineering, Jiujiang Polytechnic University of Science and Technology, Jiujiang, China.",
    "School of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yong Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yongge Shi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jianhua Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4505-0568"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Qingguo Wei",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2265-9821"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b6ct4wr0fcfb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361026",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693885",
  "id": "1b6ct4wr0fcfb",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361026",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Brain mapping/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Cognitive science/Cognitive psychology/Attention"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Neural networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Neuroimaging/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Neuroscience/Neurophysiology/Brain electrophysiology/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Electrophysiology/Neurophysiology/Brain electrophysiology/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Attention"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Network analysis/Signaling networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Computer and information sciences/Neural networks"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Electronics engineering/Computer engineering/Man-computer interface"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Signal filtering"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Signal processing/Speech signal processing"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Clinical medicine/Clinical neurophysiology/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Bioassays and physiological analysis/Electrophysiological techniques/Brain electrophysiology/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Imaging techniques/Neuroimaging/Electroencephalography"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Mathematical and statistical techniques/Mathematical functions/Convolution"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Psychology/Cognitive psychology/Attention"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223382543",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693885?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693885",
  "pmid": "42912743",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b6ct4wr0fcfb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361026",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361026"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42912743",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42912743"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Decoding motor imagery EEG signals by a deep learning network integrating multiscale filtering and temporal-channel attention mechanisms",
  "title_text": "Decoding motor imagery EEG signals by a deep learning network integrating multiscale filtering and temporal-channel attention mechanisms",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b6ct4wr0fcfb",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}