{
  "abstract": "We investigate the gravitational form factors of the pseudoscalar heavy quarkonia $η_c(1S,2S)$ and $η_b(1S,2S)$ in a light-front quark model with physical radial wave functions represented by orthogonal mixtures of the two lowest harmonic-oscillator basis states $ϕ_{1S}$ and $ϕ_{2S}$. The Bakamjian--Thomas prescription is applied consistently to constituent matrix elements and Lorentz prefactors at the integrand level. Working in the $Δ^+=0$ frame with $Δ=P'-P$ and $t=Δ^2$, we extract $A_q(t)$ from the quark energy--momentum tensor components $T_q^{++}$, $T_q^{+i}$, and $T_q^{ij}$, and $D_q(t)$ from $T_q^{+-}$, $T_q^{-i}$, and $T_q^{ii}$ using appropriate momentum-transfer projections. The independent extractions agree in the full relativistic calculation and in the analytic nonrelativistic expansions through $ O(v^2)$, where $v=β/m_Q$, $β$ is the Gaussian width, and $m_Q$ is the constituent mass. At zero momentum transfer, the expansions give $D_q^{ϕ_{1S}}(0)=-v^2+ O(v^4)$ and $D_q^{ϕ_{2S}}(0)=-2/3-(13/3)v^2+O(v^4)$. The interference, defined as the sum of the two cross overlaps, first contributes as $D_q^{\\mathrm{cross}}(0)=-(4/\\sqrt{6})v^2+O(v^4)$. Thus, the pure Gaussian $1S$ contribution is suppressed, whereas a nonzero $2S$ admixture at fixed mixing angle leaves an $O(v^0)$ D-term in the physical ground state. Full numerical results for the mixed states illustrate the effects of heavy-quark flavor and radial structure on mass distributions and internal stresses.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2611.00952",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Ho-Meoyng Choi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chueng-Ryong Ji"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hyeon-Dong Son"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b8y9j6bjc5pz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2611.00952",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1b8y9j6bjc5pz",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00952",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "hep-ph"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.00952",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b8y9j6bjc5pz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:20:59Z",
      "native_id": "2611.00952",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.00952"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:hep-ph",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gravitational form factors of heavy quarkonia and their nonrelativistic expansion in a self-consistent light-front quark model",
  "title_text": "Gravitational form factors of heavy quarkonia and their nonrelativistic expansion in a self-consistent light-front quark model",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T15:20:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1b8y9j6bjc5pz",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}