{
  "abstract": "The meninges form the border between the brain and periphery and house a rich network of immune cells. Here we show that gastrointestinal challenges (intracellular or extracellular bacteria and parasites) reshape the nature of CD4+ T cells in the dura mater, the outer meningeal layer, changing the dominant polarization states to T helper (TH) 1, TH17 and TH2 cells, respectively, with differing cytokine profiles. This occurs via CXCR6–CXCL16-dependent migration of gut-activated CD4+ T cells to the central nervous system, where they establish long-lived memory populations around the dural venous sinuses, within dural lymphoid aggregates and in the brain. Functionally, these orally primed dural CD4+ T were capable of rapid, antigen-specific recall responses, proliferating and producing cytokines upon intravenous rechallenge. Our findings reveal a direct link between intestinal and dural immunity, enabling the central nervous system borders to acquire immunological memory of gut microorganisms, a major source of bloodborne pathogens capable of reaching the brain via fenestrated dural vasculature.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK",
    "Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK",
    "Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK",
    "Pathogen Genomics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK",
    "Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK",
    "Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain",
    "Centre for Immuno-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 21,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Aaron Fleming",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7909-1579"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Karen Neish"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rafael Di Marco-Barros",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6484-2317"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "David A. Posner"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Colin Y. C. Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8380-4917"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Stewart",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8561-6338"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zewen Kelvin Tuong",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6735-6808"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Miles Bremridge",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-4344-8243"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ana Peñalver"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mia Cabantous"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nathan Richoz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Anais Portet"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Katherine Harcourt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Eleanor Gillman",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4221-7270"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tammie Tao Min Sow"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tetsuo Hasegawa",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7737-9491"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "David Ruano-Gallego"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Gad Frankel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0046-1363"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "David Withers",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3757-7594"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Simon Clare"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Menna R. Clatworthy",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3340-9828"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bc51c0j1ajmf.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41593-026-02428-4",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13724277/",
  "id": "1bc51c0j1ajmf",
  "issns": [
    "1097-6256",
    "1546-1726"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02428-4",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7211970120",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13724277",
  "pmid": "42711430",
  "published": "2026-09-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bc51c0j1ajmf.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T12:22:52Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13724277",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-026-02428-4"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Intestinal infections establish antigen-specific, long-lived memory CD4+ T cells in the brain and meninges",
  "title_text": "Intestinal infections establish antigen-specific, long-lived memory CD4+ T cells in the brain and meninges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:20:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bc51c0j1ajmf",
  "venue": "Nature Neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}