{
  "abstract": "Viral infections, particularly by rhinoviruses (RVs), represent major triggers of acute exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the role of RV-specific T cell responses in COPD remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated T cell recall responses to conserved RV-specific T cell epitopes in COPD patients and age-matched healthy controls using activation-induced marker and intracellular cytokine staining assays. The frequency of RV-specific CD4+ T cells was increased in COPD patients compared with healthy participants. RV-specific CD8+ T cells also tended to be increased in COPD participants, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Functional T cell responses to RV-specific epitopes were biased toward IFN-γ and TNF-α production in COPD and healthy participants, with no significant differences between groups. Accordingly, there is a degree of functional dissociation between enhanced RV-specific CD4+ T cell recognition and cytokine responses in COPD. A modest inverse correlation, yet not statistically significant (p = 0.066), was observed between IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells and disease severity, as assessed by FEV1. Collectively, our findings suggest that T cell responses to conserved RV-specific epitopes are unlikely to be major drivers of COPD immunopathology, supporting their potential relevance for epitope-vaccine development in COPD.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza Ramon y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain",
    "Pulmonology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain",
    "Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense of Madrid, Pza Ramon y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain",
    "Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7TY, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sara Alonso Fernandez",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-0018-8997"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Raquel Reyes-Manzanas",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5339-8185"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Myriam Calle-Rubio",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3890-2742"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Juan Rodriguez-Hermosa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Esther M. Lafuente",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8466-1022"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jesús Reiné"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pedro A. Reche",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3966-5838"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bnydkf2tq2jq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/biom16101423",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702297/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1bnydkf2tq2jq",
  "issns": [
    "2218-273X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/10/1423",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215122315",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702297/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13702297",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bnydkf2tq2jq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:59Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/biom16101423",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/10/1423"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13702297",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13702297"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2740|Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Enhanced Frequency but Preserved Th1/Tc1 Responses of Rhinovirus-Specific T Cells in COPD",
  "title_text": "Enhanced Frequency but Preserved Th1/Tc1 Responses of Rhinovirus-Specific T Cells in COPD",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1bnydkf2tq2jq",
  "venue": "Biomolecules",
  "versions": []
}