{
  "abstract": "Background\n\n[¹¹C]Phosgene is a known but underutilised labelling synthon in PET-tracer development. The production of [¹¹C]phosgene faces many problems such as difficulties in achieving high molar activity, regular key component replacement and complexity of the synthesis, thereby hindering its wider use. In this paper, a robust and semi-automated synthesis route for production of [¹¹C]phosgene from [¹¹C]CO₂ was developed to solve issues restricting the use of [¹¹C]phosgene. The high molar activity [¹¹C]phosgene was then used for the labelling of biologically important molecules as a proof of concept.Results\n\n[¹¹C]Phosgene was synthesized from [¹¹C]CO by UV-mediated photochemical chlorination with chlorine gas. [¹¹C]CO was produced by the fluoride-activated disilane reduction of cyclotron-produced [¹¹C]CO₂. [¹¹C]Phosgene was produced with satisfactory radiochemical yield (13 ± 1 GBq at EOS, 30 ± 4% dc. to SOS) based on [¹¹C]CO₂ and molar activity of 249 ± 40 GBq/µmol at EOS (n = 3). The radiosynthesis time was approximately 20 min.Conclusion\n\nA robust synthesis route for production of high molar activity [¹¹C]phosgene from [¹¹C]CO₂ was developed. The simplicity and mild reaction conditions of the [¹¹C]CO production method used eliminate the previous issues with Zn-based reduction of [¹¹C]CO₂. Intermediate purification of [¹¹C]CO guaranteed efficient [¹¹C]phosgene production, and removal of unreacted Cl₂ minimised unwanted side reactions. This method utilises a fixed-line device with simple set up and mild conditions. With this method, it is possible to perform syntheses reliably with good radiochemical yields and high molar activities in a short synthesis time.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. ekkerm@utu.fi.",
    "Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.",
    "Accelerator Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.",
    "Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.",
    "NOMATEN Centre of Excellence, National Centre for Nuclear Research, Świerk, Otwock, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Edla Kerminen",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-4017-8152"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Keller"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Simo Salo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Johan Rajander"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Olof Solin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Anna Krzyczmonik"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Anna K Kirjavainen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1c93ny490kbfa.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s41181-026-00472-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680602",
  "id": "1c93ny490kbfa",
  "issns": [
    "2365-421X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897341",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "R895-920"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "RM1-950"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7170453514",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13680602?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13680602",
  "pmid": "42897341",
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "SpringerOpen",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1c93ny490kbfa.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42897341",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42897341"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:46:36Z",
      "native_id": "dab4aca9c39642ebb056f34d0cca54cb",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41181-026-00472-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "High molar activity [¹¹C]phosgene from [¹¹C]CO₂.",
  "title_text": "High molar activity [¹¹C]phosgene from [¹¹C]CO₂.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:46:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1c93ny490kbfa",
  "venue": "EJNMMI radiopharmacy and chemistry",
  "versions": []
}