{
  "abstract": "Hexaflumuron is a benzoylurea insecticide with potential application against arthropod ectoparasites in aquaculture, but its toxicity to non-target fish remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated acute toxicity and intestinal responses to sublethal concentrations of hexaflumuron in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The 48- and 96-h LC₅₀ values were 8.80 and 7.16 mg/L, respectively. Fish were subsequently exposed to nominal concentrations of 0.07 or 0.72 mg/L hexaflumuron for 96 h. Intestinal histopathology, antioxidant biomarkers, 16S rRNA sequencing, and transcriptomics were investigated. Both exposure groups showed focal intestinal alterations. Malondialdehyde levels increased, total superoxide dismutase activity exhibited a biphasic response, and catalase activity and reduced glutathione content declined, indicating altered redox homeostasis. Overall gut microbial structure showed no significant difference, whereas taxon-specific shifts occurred, including an increase in Aeromonas to 15.40% at 0.72 mg/L. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1226 and 5496 differentially expressed genes at 0.07 and 0.72 mg/L, respectively. Both concentrations suppressed ribosome biogenesis, protein homeostasis, mitochondrial bioenergetic programs, and complement-associated functions, while the higher concentration induced broader enrichment of cytokine, phagolysosomal, antigen-presentation, and leukocyte-migration pathways. Overall, these results indicated that hexaflumuron perturbs intestinal homeostasis through synergistic impacts on cellular biosynthesis, mitochondrial bioenergetic programs, redox balance, immune regulation, tissue remodeling, and microbial composition.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shun Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiangtao Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qiuhong Yang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4333-9296"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaohui Ai"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1crr9x8k0v1jr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ani16193056",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663476",
  "id": "1crr9x8k0v1jr",
  "issns": [
    "2076-2615"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883025",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214640225",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13663476?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13663476",
  "pmid": "42883025",
  "published": "2026-09-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1crr9x8k0v1jr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42883025",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42883025"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Intestinal Responses to Short-Term Hexaflumuron Exposure in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): A Combined Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Gut Microbiota Perspective.",
  "title_text": "Intestinal Responses to Short-Term Hexaflumuron Exposure in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): A Combined Physiological, Transcriptomic, and Gut Microbiota Perspective.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1crr9x8k0v1jr",
  "venue": "Animals : an open access journal from MDPI",
  "versions": []
}