{
  "abstract": "Ru loss from RuO 2 in acidic oxygen evolution requires availability of surface oxo (*O) for eruption of surface Ru to form adsorbed *RuO 4 . Screening 20 dopants on *O-covered RuO 2 (110) (DFT) gave a trend linking *RuO 4 formation to dopant-dependent *O activity. Durability testing (CP, ICP-MS) followed this trend for Mo- and Ta-RuO 2 . Zn- and Hf-RuO 2 retained more Ru than predicted; in situ near-ambient pressure XPS and online ICP-MS reveal that the two do so by different means. Zn inhibits Ru overoxidation while Hf welcomes it, yet both inhibit Ru eruption. Surface-modulated models in which Zn dissolution leaves a cation vacancy and Hf bears a surface *OH both exhibit enhanced Ru retention (DFT): cation vacancies electronically reduce neighboring Ru and lack *O, whereas Hf’s *OH permits Ru overoxidation but inhibits its eruption. Both catalysts retain high activity (LSV) through a Ru-centered oxygen evolution pathway (GC-DFT). These findings reveal how dopants can enhance Ru retention by disrupting *O participation, regardless of Ru oxidation state, all while maintaining high oxygen evolution activity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering",
    "Northwestern University",
    "Department of Chemistry",
    "Scientific Research Division",
    "National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center",
    "Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, Erlangen, Germany, 91058",
    "Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Egerlandstraße 1, Erlangen, Germany, 91058",
    "Department of Materials Science and Engineering",
    "National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Charles B. Musgrave",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3432-0817"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mengjie Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jaerim Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Ching Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dániel Hetey"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Matej Zlatar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Connor R. McCormick"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yuyin Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Yan-Gu Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Serhiy Cherevko"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Edward H. Sargent"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1cvn7wmkncvmt.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15011005/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1cvn7wmkncvmt",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011005/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223699013",
  "pdf_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/pdf/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011005/v1",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-25",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1cvn7wmkncvmt.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15011005",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15011005/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2105|Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Disrupting Surface Oxo Availability Suppresses Ru Dissolution in RuO ₂ Electrocatalysts",
  "title_text": "Disrupting Surface Oxo Availability Suppresses Ru Dissolution in RuO ₂ Electrocatalysts",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:26Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1cvn7wmkncvmt",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}