{
  "abstract": "Nucleic acids serve not only as carriers of genetic information but also as potent immunological signals that shape innate and adaptive immune responses. Their immunogenicity is determined by their origin, subcellular localization, structural conformation, and the host sensors that detect them. Within this landscape, Z-nucleic acids, including Z-RNA and Z-DNA, have emerged from biological noise to key regulators of immune activation, particularly through their ability to induce inflammatory cell death pathways. Both host and pathogens can generate Z-nucleic acids, yet the mechanisms governing their formation and regulation remain incompletely understood. In mammals, ZBP1 and ADAR1 are the only known Z-nucleic acid sensors, while some pathogens encode Z-binding proteins to evade detection. Although critical for host defense, dysregulated Z-nucleic acid signaling can drive autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. This review synthesizes current structural and functional principles of Z-nucleic acid recognition and highlights emerging therapeutic opportunities across infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the generation and regulation of Z-nucleic acids and discusses their sensing by ADAR1 and ZBP1 in cell death and inflammatory signalling, with broad implications for infection, inflammation, and cancer.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biomedicine and Translational Research, Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kathmandu, Nepal",
    "Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal",
    "Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea",
    "Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. rkarki@snu.ac.kr",
    "Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal. rkarki@snu.ac.kr",
    "The Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. rkarki@snu.ac.kr"
  ],
  "article_type": "review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nisha Thapa",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0755-6092"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aro Kim"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Paritosh Patel",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2525-5889"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Minh Quan Nguyen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ein Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9363-5317"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Rajendra Karki",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4436-9128"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e7z5qmx0gyff.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1038/s42003-026-10368-9",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1e7z5qmx0gyff",
  "issns": [
    "2399-3642"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10368-9",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|interferon and immune responses"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7162437868",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-026-10368-9_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13241522",
  "pmid": "42191826",
  "published": "2026-05-27",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e7z5qmx0gyff.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:51Z",
      "native_id": "W7162437868",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-10368-9"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|interferon and immune responses",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Z-nucleic acid-mediated PANoptosis in infection, inflammation, and cancer",
  "title_text": "Z-nucleic acid-mediated PANoptosis in infection, inflammation, and cancer",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e7z5qmx0gyff",
  "venue": "Communications Biology",
  "versions": []
}