{
  "abstract": "Antibodies in ocular disease have heterogeneous biological meanings: they may act as direct pathogenic effectors, systemic diagnostic biomarkers, indicators of B-cell clonality, or therapeutic agents. This distinction is particularly important in the eye, where immune privilege and the blood-ocular barrier restrict tissue access, whereas inflammation may permit entry of immunoglobulins, complement, and immune cells or support local humoral responses. This narrative review integrates antibody and B-cell biology across autoimmune and paraneoplastic retinopathies, aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid, ocular myasthenia gravis, thyroid eye disease, systemic autoimmune and fibroinflammatory disorders with ocular involvement, and B-cell malignancies including vitreoretinal and ocular adnexal lymphoma. We distinguish the evidence for direct antibody pathogenicity from disease association and emphasize that a positive result is interpretable only in relation to the ocular phenotype, assay platform, titer, specimen compartment, and orthogonal confirmation. Serum testing, ocular-fluid analysis, electrophysiology, multimodal imaging, cytology, histopathology, immunophenotyping, immunoglobulin clonality, and molecular testing have complementary roles. Therapeutic strategies include B-cell or B-lineage depletion, complement inhibition, cytokine- or receptor-directed monoclonal antibodies, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor blockade, and emerging FcRn- or plasma-cell-directed approaches; however, regulatory status and ocular-specific evidence vary substantially among diseases. A mechanistically stratified framework may reduce overdiagnosis, improve recognition of malignant masquerade syndromes, and support more precise selection of targeted therapy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yehan Xiao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaru Zou",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1359-8198"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mingming Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wendong Gu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5070-3431"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zizhen Ye"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaxin Deng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kyoko Ohno-Matsui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Koju Kamoi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e8y8m8qvvmg7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/antib15050094",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700636",
  "id": "1e8y8m8qvvmg7",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4468"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930036",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2731|Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221137725",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13700636?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13700636",
  "pmid": "42930036",
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e8y8m8qvvmg7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42930036",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930036"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2731|Ocular Diseases and Behçet’s Syndrome",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Antibody-Related Mechanisms in Ocular Diseases: Autoimmunity, Malignancy, and Therapeutic Targeting.",
  "title_text": "Antibody-Related Mechanisms in Ocular Diseases: Autoimmunity, Malignancy, and Therapeutic Targeting.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1e8y8m8qvvmg7",
  "venue": "Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}