{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Nicotinic acid (NA; niacin) and nicotinamide (NAM) participate in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism, but pediatric evidence relating serum concentrations of these vitamers to behavioral-problem scores is limited. Methods: We conducted an exploratory analysis of children assessed in Yiwu, Zhejiang Province, China, with serum NA and NAM concentrations recorded in 2021 and 2025 and caregiver-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) outcomes in 2025. Vitamin B3 was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS). Internalizing, externalizing, and total-problem raw scores were the broadband outcomes; seven common raw subscales were exploratory outcomes. Multivariable linear models and three-knot restricted cubic splines (RCSs) were conducted to assess the associations between vitamin B3 and CBCL scores. Benjamini–Hochberg correction and exposure-by-sex interaction tests were used. Results: Pooled associations were compatible with the null after correction. Per interquartile-range (IQR) increase in 2021 NA, boys’ adjusted contrasts were −2.18 (95% CI, −4.22 to −0.13) for internalizing, −3.04 (−5.05 to −1.04) for externalizing, and −5.33 (−9.18 to −1.47) for total problems. In sex-stratified RCS analyses, 2021 NA was associated with externalizing (q-overall = 0.040) and total problems (q-overall = 0.023) in boys, whereas 2025 NA was associated with these outcomes in girls (both q-overall = 0.042). Sex-stratified two-degree-of-freedom RCS models had limited sensitivity for small-to-modest associations. Conclusions: The sex-interaction and sex-stratified RCS patterns for NA are hypothesis-generating and require independent, prespecified replication.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310051, China",
    "Yiwu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yiwu 322000, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinhan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kuiqing Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chen Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yi Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinghan Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhijian Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7165-3613"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Xiang",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-1035-1270"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Peiwei Xu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5923-0316"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1etv10d65jfne.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nu18203344",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708041/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1etv10d65jfne",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6643"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3344",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Folate and B Vitamins Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221563768",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13708041/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13708041",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1etv10d65jfne.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:56Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nu18203344",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/20/3344"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13708041",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13708041"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6643",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Associations of Serum Niacin and Nicotinamide with Child Behavior: A Longitudinal Study in China",
  "title_text": "Associations of Serum Niacin and Nicotinamide with Child Behavior: A Longitudinal Study in China",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1etv10d65jfne",
  "venue": "Nutrients",
  "versions": []
}