{
  "abstract": "Lithium niobate waveguides have emerged as a leading platform for second-order nonlinear frequency conversion because they combine a large second-order nonlinear coefficient with mature phase-matching schemes and low-loss integrated photonic implementations. Recent advances in thin-film lithium niobate and related fabrication technologies have substantially improved device performance and enabled efficient nonlinear frequency conversion over a broad spectral range extending from the visible to the mid-infrared. In this review, we summarize recent progress in second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in lithium niobate waveguides, with an emphasis on waveguide design, phase-matching strategies, fabrication techniques and representative nonlinear processes. We first outline the fundamental design principles, including modal confinement, dispersion engineering and the implementation of quasi-phase matching and modal phase matching. We then discuss key fabrication processes, such as lithography, etching, electric-field poling and post-processing and analyze their influence on propagation loss, domain fidelity and conversion efficiency. On this basis, we systematically review and compare recent advances in second-harmonic generation, sum-frequency generation, difference-frequency generation, optical parametric generation/amplification and cascaded second-order nonlinear processes. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of different approaches, as well as the key challenges and future opportunities for developing efficient, broadband, tunable and scalable on-chip nonlinear photonic devices.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, P. R. China",
    "School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, P. R. China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Congliao Yan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaxin Bai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaqi Xie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinyue Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chuan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shunjie Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jun Hao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Honghua Liao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shidong Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiaosong Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kai Qian"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1fs2w0qj1yq0v.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1142/s2010135x26400047",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2010135X26400047",
  "id": "1fs2w0qj1yq0v",
  "issns": [
    "2010-1368",
    "2010-135X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x26400047",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QC501-721"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3107|Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7154580752",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-26",
  "publisher": "World Scientific Publishing",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1fs2w0qj1yq0v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:47:32Z",
      "native_id": "b3a22b1f0c5f49d99536c041ad76a57f",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x26400047"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "openalex:3107|Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in lithium niobate waveguides: Principles, fabrication, and recent advances",
  "title_text": "Second-order nonlinear frequency conversion in lithium niobate waveguides: Principles, fabrication, and recent advances",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:47:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1fs2w0qj1yq0v",
  "venue": "Journal of Advanced Dielectrics",
  "versions": []
}