{
  "abstract": "Legumes establish symbiotic interactions with soil-dwelling rhizobial bacteria, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. This process requires extensive transcriptional reprogramming, which is associated with dynamic changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications. However, the role of three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture in symbiosis remains largely unexplored. Using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture, we reveal that the 3D chromatin landscape undergoes extensive reorganization in nitrogen-fixing symbiotic nodules compared with non-symbiotic roots and non-nitrogen-fixing nodules. These changes involve alterations in A/B compartmentalization and the establishment of enhancer-promoter loops linked to the symbiotic program. Strikingly, we identified a long-range chromatin loop that connects a 15-kb distal enhancer to the proximal promoter of the NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) gene, a master regulator of nodulation. This enhancer region contains multiple putative cytokinin (CK)-responsive elements, and CK-dependent induction of NIN in roots is associated with the formation of this enhancer-promoter interaction. Moreover, we demonstrate that the CK-signaling transcription factor RESPONSE REGULATOR B3 (RRB3) binds specifically to this distal enhancer region and contributes to the formation of the enhancer-promoter loop. Altogether, these results uncover a critical role for 3D chromatin reorganization in regulating gene expression during legume-rhizobium symbiosis and highlight a regulatory mechanism through which hormonal signaling shapes genome architecture and modulates NIN activation via long-range chromatin looping.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Camille Fonouni-Farde"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xing Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Francisco Sánchez-Rodríguez"
    },
    {
      "name": "David Latrasse"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rim Brik-Chaouche"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lucía Ferrero"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naïs Daviddi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaoning He"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qingyi Wang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mathias Brault"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sovanna Tan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Carole Laffont"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yonghua Tian"
    },
    {
      "name": "Charlotte Clappe"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaoyu Ma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Christine Lelandais"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federico Ariel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Martin Crespi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Moussa Benhamed"
    },
    {
      "name": "Florian Frugier"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1gyb3x10h8vez.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.xplc.2026.101986",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1gyb3x10h8vez",
  "issns": [
    "2590-3462",
    "2590-3462"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05771822v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdv"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7166876028",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05771822/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "Cell Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1gyb3x10h8vez.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:44Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05771822",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05771822v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three-dimensional genome reorganization enables cytokinin-dependent activation of NODULE INCEPTION during symbiotic nodulation",
  "title_text": "Three-dimensional genome reorganization enables cytokinin-dependent activation of NODULE INCEPTION during symbiotic nodulation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1gyb3x10h8vez",
  "venue": "Plant Communications",
  "versions": []
}