{
  "abstract": "Objective\n\nTo evaluate supervised physical, psycho-logical, and alternative non-pharmacological interventions for improving patient-reported and objective functional outcomes in adults with post-COVID-19 condition.Design\n\nSystematic review of randomized controlled trials.Methods\n\nPubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, APA PsycInfo, and Scopus were searched from 1 January 2020 to 29 January 2026. Eligible studies were supervised, face-to-face trials evaluating physical, psychological, or alternative non-pharmacological interventions against usual care, placebo/sham, or active comparators in adults with World Health Organization defined post-COVID-19 condition. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane RoB 2. Due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed.Results\n\n27 trials (1,998 participants) were included and evaluated physical, psychological, and alternative therapies. Supervised cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and multimodal exercise consistently improved cardiorespiratory fitness and walking capacity. Cognitive-behavioural therapy and lifestyle adjustments significantly reduced fatigue and subjective concentration complaints. Findings for neuromodulation, complementary, and oxygen therapies were heterogeneous, often showing no benefit over placebo. Only 18.5% of trials had low risk of bias, limited by small samples, unblinding, and short follow-ups.Conclusion\n\nSupervised physical rehabilitation and CBT show promising evidence for improving functional capacity and symptoms in post-COVID-19 condition. Larger trials with longer follow-up are needed to confirm effectiveness and inform clinical guidelines.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health System Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. negm.akram@mh-hannover.de.",
    "Institute of Epidemiology, Social Medicine and Health System Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany."
  ],
  "article_type": "systematic review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Akram Negm"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Maike Stolz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Christian Krauth"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1hexecy2ydr17.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2340/jrm.v58.46279",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685423",
  "id": "1hexecy2ydr17",
  "issns": [
    "1650-1977",
    "1651-2081"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42895360",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Long-Term Effects of COVID-19"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222926968",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13685423?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13685423",
  "pmid": "42895360",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1hexecy2ydr17.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42895360",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42895360"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Long-Term Effects of COVID-19",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effectiveness of physical, psychological, and alternative interventions for post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review.",
  "title_text": "Effectiveness of physical, psychological, and alternative interventions for post-COVID-19 condition: a systematic review.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1hexecy2ydr17",
  "venue": "Journal of rehabilitation medicine",
  "versions": []
}