{
  "abstract": "This study investigates the spatially heterogeneous low-latitude ionospheric response to the 3 October 2024 X9.0 solar flare using GNSS observations from seven equatorial and low-latitude stations. TEC, quiet-time differential TEC ( $$\\Delta \\textrm{TEC}$$ ), and ROTI were analyzed under relatively quiet geomagnetic conditions ( $$K_p=1$$ –3). The flare peaked at 12:18 UT, and comparison with quiet-time conditions revealed $$\\Delta \\textrm{TEC}$$ perturbations of approximately 6–14% at several stations, with pronounced spatial differences. YKRO showed the largest positive perturbation at the flare peak, reaching 12.75 TECU (14.21%), whereas MBAR and CUSV exhibited negative perturbations of $$-10.98$$ TECU ( $$-10.77\\%$$ ) and $$-6.14$$ TECU ( $$-9.29\\%$$ ), respectively. However, substantial and sometimes larger $$\\Delta \\textrm{TEC}$$ variations occurred outside the flare interval, indicating that their magnitude alone cannot establish a flare-driven response. ROTI remained generally below 0.04 TECU min $$^{-1}$$ during the flare, with stronger irregularity activity occurring predominantly after sunset. The results indicate a measurable and spatially heterogeneous ionospheric response temporally associated with the X9.0 flare, while highlighting the substantial contribution of intrinsic low-latitude variability. These findings emphasize the importance of multi-station observations and quiet-time normalization for robustly assessing solar-flare-associated ionospheric disturbances.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Efrem Amanuel Data",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-3668-5445"
    },
    {
      "name": "Geto Kassa Setegn"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Okoh"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jtgzv72rsx7f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41598-026-71943-y",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1jtgzv72rsx7f",
  "issns": [
    "2045-2322"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-71943-y",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215716984",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-71943-y_reference.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jtgzv72rsx7f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
      "native_id": "10.1038/s41598-026-71943-y",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-71943-y"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Spatial variability of TEC perturbations and ROTI during the 3 october 2024 X9.0 solar flare: a multi-station GNSS analysis",
  "title_text": "Spatial variability of TEC perturbations and ROTI during the 3 october 2024 X9.0 solar flare: a multi-station GNSS analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jtgzv72rsx7f",
  "venue": "Scientific Reports",
  "versions": []
}