{
  "abstract": "The San Joaquin Valley in California has some of the nation's worst air quality. Health effects from elevated outdoor air pollution may be compounded by poor indoor air quality due to use of certain consumer products or individual activities. The BiomSPHERE study measured air pollution-related urinary exposure biomarkers in residents of Stockton and Fresno, California. Urine samples were collected from 64 adult-child pairs in 2023. Metabolites of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in urine. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demographics and potential exposure sources. Metabolites of all PAHs (fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene) and four VOCs (acrolein, acrylonitrile, crotonaldehyde, and propylene oxide) were detected in >85% of the samples. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-NAP) was the only PAH metabolite that had higher concentrations in BiomSPHERE adults and children compared with nationally representative levels reported by the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Concentrations of 2-NAP were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) between adults and children, suggesting a common exposure source. Concentrations of 2-NAP were also significantly higher among Hispanic/Latino participants and among participants who recently used cleaning products, air fresheners, and scented personal care products (p < 0.05). For non-smoking adults, metabolites of the VOCs acrolein, acrylonitrile, and propylene oxide were significantly higher in BiomSPHERE compared with NHANES. Further research is needed to identify the sources of elevated 2-NAP and VOC urinary metabolite concentrations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA 95812, USA.",
    "Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.",
    "Environmental Health Laboratory Branch, Center for Laboratory Sciences, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.",
    "Departments of Public Health and Environmental Systems and Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.",
    "Central California Asthma Collaborative, Fresno, CA 93727, USA.",
    "Little Manila Rising, Stockton, CA 95206, USA.",
    "Clinical Pharmacology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aalekhya Reddam",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5616-1223"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marley Zalay",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-2482-8274"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rosemary Castorina",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0910-4901"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Asa Bradman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Sultana",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4028-3192"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elizabeth Noth",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9159-6924"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Anabelle Garza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Debra Manzo Garcia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Tim Tyner",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8116-6261"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jazmarie LaTour"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Peyton Jacob"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Josephine Alvaran DeGuzman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jianwen She"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Stephanie Jarmul"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jzm41jyzdbr4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/toxics14100915",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709542",
  "id": "1jzm41jyzdbr4",
  "issns": [
    "2305-6304"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931703",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222604481",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709542?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709542",
  "pmid": "42931703",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jzm41jyzdbr4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42931703",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931703"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds in San Joaquin Valley Families.",
  "title_text": "Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds in San Joaquin Valley Families.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1jzm41jyzdbr4",
  "venue": "Toxics",
  "versions": []
}