{
  "abstract": "Epoxy resins (EPs) are widely used in advanced engineering applications but suffer from inherent flammability and rapid heat release during combustion. A biomaterial-based core–shell flame retardant, Cu2O@(CH/PT), has been fabricated using a mild layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly strategy by alternately depositing chitosan (CH) and phosphorylated cellulose (PT) onto Cu2O particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analyses provided complementary morphological and chemical evidence for the surface deposition and assembly of CH and PT on Cu2O particles. The resulting Cu2O@(CH/PT) was incorporated into epoxy resin blends to investigate its effects on thermal degradation and combustion behavior. The incorporation of 8 wt % Cu2O@(CH/PT) increased the residual mass of the EP blends at 700 °C during thermal degradation from 7.79% to 20.62% and increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) for combustion from 23.3% to 31.0%. Microscale combustion calorimetry results showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and heat release capacity (HRC) for combustion of EP-8 were reduced by 45.1%, 33.4%, and 44.0%, respectively, compared with the corresponding values for combustion of neat EP. The enhanced flame-retardant performance may be associated with the cooperative effects of the Cu2O catalytic core and the biomaterial-based phosphorus/nitrogen-containing CH/PT shell, where PT promotes condensed-phase charring, CH contributes to the development of protective char structures, and Cu2O facilitates the stabilization of carbonaceous residues. A sustainable strategy for constructing biomaterial-based core–shell Cu2O flame retardants through LbL assembly to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin blends has been developed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Suqian University , , , ,",
    "China University of Geosciences , , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaotao Zhang",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-3157-9032"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kaihua Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yushi Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hongqi Shi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1k7j4kq3rq8v2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c09407",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13670252/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1k7j4kq3rq8v2",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670252",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2507|Flame retardant materials and properties"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214908684",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13670252/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13670252",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1k7j4kq3rq8v2.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13670252",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13670252"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.1021/acsomega.6c09407",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/40/62211/5442235/Biomaterial-Based-Cu2O-Chitosan-Phosphorylated"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2507|Flame retardant materials and properties",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Biomaterial-Based Cu2O@Chitosan/Phosphorylated Cellulose Core–Shell Flame Retardant Fabricated via Layer-by-Layer Assembly for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin",
  "title_text": "Biomaterial-Based Cu2O@Chitosan/Phosphorylated Cellulose Core–Shell Flame Retardant Fabricated via Layer-by-Layer Assembly for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1k7j4kq3rq8v2",
  "venue": "ACS omega",
  "versions": []
}