{
  "abstract": "Perioperative hyperglycemia is common in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery and is linked to adverse outcomes. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) offer glucose-dependent insulinotropic effects and potential cardiac benefits, but their perioperative role remains uncertain. This review evaluated the efficacy and safety of GLP-1 RA therapy as an adjunct to insulin in this setting. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant articles up to October 2025. The primary endpoint was blood glucose levels during the perioperative period, while secondary endpoints included hypoglycemia incidence, total insulin requirement, time in target glucose range, and postoperative complications. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including 168 patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery were assessed. Perioperative use of liraglutide (subcutaneously in doses of 0.6-1.8 mg/day) was associated with preliminary evidence of improved glycemic control across preoperative, intraoperative, and early postoperative periods, including lower glucose levels, reduced glycemic variability, and fewer insulin adjustments, with a low incidence of hypoglycemia. However, heterogeneity in dosing, timing, and monitoring protocols across studies limits direct comparisons. Mild gastrointestinal adverse events, such as nausea and vomiting, were more frequent with liraglutide. One study reported exploratory immunometabolic effects in adipose tissue. Preliminary evidence from these heterogeneous studies suggests that adding liraglutide to insulin may improve perioperative glycemic control compared to insulin or placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery. However, findings are limited by the small number of studies, methodological variability, and lack of long-term outcomes, necessitating larger, standardized trials.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Dow Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan",
    "Department of Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria",
    "KFS University, Faculty of Medicine and Rehabilitation / Intern Student, Egypt",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Hebron University, Hebron, Palestine",
    "Department of Medicine, Al-Tibri Medical College, Isra University, Karachi, Pakistan",
    "Department of Nursing, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur, Nepal"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Danish Hassan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rida Shakeel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Waleed Qaisi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Syed Rayyan Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Javeria Taj"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Adi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Yousry Ahmed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ammir Abuzahra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Emad Uddin Sajid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Hamza Arshad Khan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tuba Basit"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Javed Iqbal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Asraf Hussain"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1kwpjd091h3p0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4103/aca.aca_307_25",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13743104/",
  "id": "1kwpjd091h3p0",
  "issns": [
    "0971-9784",
    "0974-5181"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_307_25",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-SA 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221546174",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13743104",
  "pmid": "42862661",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1kwpjd091h3p0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T12:23:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13743104",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_307_25"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Hyperglycemia and glycemic control in critically ill and hospitalized patients",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Insulin Versus Insulin for Perioperative Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review",
  "title_text": "GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Insulin Versus Insulin for Perioperative Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T12:23:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1kwpjd091h3p0",
  "venue": "Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia",
  "versions": []
}