{
  "abstract": "Kallmann syndrome is a rare form of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia or hyposmia. We describe 3 female patients aged 17, 17, and 22 years who were evaluated for primary amenorrhea and reported lifelong anosmia. Hormonal assessment demonstrated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral olfactory bulb agenesis in 2 patients and unilateral agenesis with contralateral hypoplasia in one. The clinical presentations varied: 1 patient had complete secondary sexual development, another had a maternal history of anosmia and delayed puberty, and the third had incomplete pubertal development with a borderline low morning cortisol level. Genetic testing was not performed. The combined clinical, hormonal, and imaging findings were strongly supportive of Kallmann syndrome. Treatment was individualized according to pubertal stage. These cases emphasize the value of systematic olfactory assessment and dedicated evaluation of the olfactory bulbs and sulci on magnetic resonance imaging in females with primary amenorrhea.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Endocrinology Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco; Corresponding author.",
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oncology and High-Risk Pregnancies, Maternity Hospital Souissi, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco",
    "Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco",
    "Department of Neuroradiology, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco",
    "Endocrinology Department, Ibn Sina University Hospital, Rabat, Morocco"
  ],
  "article_type": "case report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Fatima Toulali, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rim Laaboudi, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Hounaida Mahfoud, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Amal Lahfidi, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kaoutar Rifai, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fatima Elhassouni, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Hinde Iraqi, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Mohammed El hassan Gharbi, MD"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Samir Bargach, MD"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1m6rwy3p0w6ey.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.radcr.2026.09.060",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043326008976",
  "id": "1m6rwy3p0w6ey",
  "issns": [
    "1930-0433"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2026.09.060",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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      "Case Report"
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      "lcc",
      "R895-920"
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      "openalex",
      "2743|Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones"
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043326008976/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42959745",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1m6rwy3p0w6ey.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:30Z",
      "native_id": "4162809e71a94eee84a0afc5ff6185f4",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radcr.2026.09.060"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:50Z",
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      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42959745"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:20Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2743|Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Kallmann syndrome revealed by primary amenorrhea: Phenotypic variability and diagnostic challenges—A report of three cases",
  "title_text": "Kallmann syndrome revealed by primary amenorrhea: Phenotypic variability and diagnostic challenges—A report of three cases",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:20Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1m6rwy3p0w6ey",
  "venue": "Radiology Case Reports",
  "versions": []
}