{
  "abstract": "ObjectivesAllergic conjunctivitis (AC) affects 15%–40% of the global population. Traditional network meta-analyses often group different formulations of olopatadine into a single node, obscuring concentration-dependent variations. This network meta-analysis evaluated the relative efficacy and safety of distinct olopatadine concentrations (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.77%) against other topical anti-allergic or anti-inflammatory agents.MethodsRegistered in PROSPERO (CRD420261375330), this study systematically searched major databases up to 1 May 2026, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on adults with AC. Interventions evaluated olopatadine formulations (0.1% BID, 0.2% QD, 0.77% QD) as independent nodes alongside 0.05% epinastine, 0.025% ketotifen, 0.25% alcaftadine, 1.5% bepotastine, 0.2% loteprednol etabonate, or placebo. Frequentist random-effects network meta-analyses were performed.ResultsNineteen randomized controlled trials (RCTs) encompassing 2,745 patients (5,141 eyes) were analyzed. For ocular itching (18 RCTs), 0.77% olopatadine demonstrated superior efficacy among dual-acting agents (SUCRA = 80.7%), significantly outperforming epinastine and ketotifen. For conjunctival hyperemia (17 RCTs), 0.25% alcaftadine demonstrated the highest likelihood of efficacy (SUCRA = 66.5%), whereas among olopatadine formulations, only 0.2% significantly outperformed placebo (SUCRA = 47.4%). Subgroup analyses showed that 0.77% olopatadine and 0.25% alcaftadine were particularly effective against acute itching in conjunctival allergen challenge models. Safety assessments across 11 RCTs yielded wide confidence intervals due to data sparsity, precluding definitive tolerability rankings. Although trial data predominantly reported mild adverse events, external evidence highlights key long-term safety concerns, notably intraocular pressure elevation associated with extended topical corticosteroid therapy such as 0.2% loteprednol etabonate.ConclusionTopical dual-acting agents demonstrate outcome-specific efficacy variations in allergic conjunctivitis management. Olopatadine 0.77% excels in pruritus control, whereas alcaftadine 0.25% provides the highest likelihood of hyperemia resolution. Clinical management should adopt a personalized step-ladder approach: utilizing potent once-daily dual-acting agents (0.77% olopatadine or 0.25% alcaftadine) as first-line therapy for acute or seasonal exposure. Short-term topical corticosteroids (such as 0.2% loteprednol etabonate) should be strictly reserved for severe natural exposure non-responsive to dual-acting agents, with mandatory intraocular pressure monitoring, before transitioning back to dual-acting maintenance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Systematic Review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Caiju Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuying Gao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lijuan Wei"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1mnmtb77wgzp9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1914064",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1mnmtb77wgzp9",
  "issns": [
    "1663-9812"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1914064",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "medicine/pharmacology-toxicology"
    ]
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  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1mnmtb77wgzp9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T18:20:55Z",
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      "source": "feed-frontiers",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1914064"
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      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T00:25:36Z",
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      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1914064/full"
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  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "feed-journal:medicine/pharmacology-toxicology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Comparative efficacy and safety of topical olopatadine formulations for allergic conjunctivitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Comparative efficacy and safety of topical olopatadine formulations for allergic conjunctivitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T00:26:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1mnmtb77wgzp9",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
  "versions": []
}