{
  "abstract": "This study investigates the influence of printing angle on the mechanical performance of 3D-printed prosthetic sockets through an integrated experimental and computational approach. Tensile tests were conducted on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polylactic Acid (PLA), and enhanced PLA (PLA+) specimens fabricated at four orientations (0°, 30°, 60°, and 90°). The results confirmed clear printing orientation dependence, with Young’s modulus and ultimate tensile strength varying across printing angles in a material-specific manner. The experimentally determined Young’s modulus for each material–orientation combination was implemented as an equivalent isotropic elastic input in a separate finite element simulation of a patient-specific transtibial socket under simplified quasi-static stance loading. The FE simulations revealed that PLA+ printed at 0° provided a balanced structural response: it maintained von Mises stress within the socket at 1.98 MPa, limited displacement to 0.29 mm, and kept interface contact pressure at 0.089 MPa. In contrast, the more compliant ABS, particularly at a 90° orientation, exhibited a higher displacement of approximately 0.37 mm, which may influence socket compliance. This research provides quantitative, data-driven guidelines for the additive manufacturing of load-bearing medical devices, demonstrating that precise control of print orientation and material selection is essential for engineering prosthetic sockets that balance structural support with patient-specific interface requirements.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Gaseous Fuels and Environment Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sciences and Technology of Oran Mohamed Boudiaf (USTO-MB), Oran 31000, Algeria",
    "Laboratory Mechanics Physics of Materials (LMPM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria",
    "Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye",
    "Biomedical Engineering MSc Program, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye",
    "Dijitalpark Teknokent, Murat Yaylacı-Luzeri R&D Engineering Company, Rize 53100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Marine Engineering Operations, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye",
    "Trabzon Teknokent, WMS Engineering Services Industry Trade Limited Company, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye",
    "Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Trabzon University, Trabzon 61030, Türkiye",
    "Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Türkiye",
    "Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, Türkiye"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ismail Boudjemaa",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-8527-989X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Omar Khatir",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-3370-5944"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abdelkader Benkhettou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bel Abbes Bachir Bouiadjra",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1925-7194"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Abdrahmene Sahli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5183-1168"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Murat Yaylacı",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0407-1685"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dursun Murat Sekban",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7493-1081"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Yılmaz Güvercin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ecren Uzun Yaylacı"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Muhammet Kalkışım",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0433-4003"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1msayj1922nh5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18192431",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666868/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1msayj1922nh5",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666868",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2203|Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220716982",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666868/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13666868",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1msayj1922nh5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13666868",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666868"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18192431",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/19/2431"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of Printing Angle on Mechanical Properties of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-Printed Polymers for Below-Knee Prosthetic Sockets: An Experimental and Finite Element Analysis Study",
  "title_text": "Effect of Printing Angle on Mechanical Properties of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)-Printed Polymers for Below-Knee Prosthetic Sockets: An Experimental and Finite Element Analysis Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1msayj1922nh5",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}