{
  "abstract": "Aims/hypothesis: Environmental factors, including infections, have been suspected to influence the risk of type 1 diabetes. Studies of rotavirus vaccine and risk of type 1 diabetes have shown conflicting results. We took advantage of the rapid and high uptake of the rotavirus vaccine among infants in Norway as a natural experiment to study the potential association between rotavirus vaccination and type 1 diabetes incidence in Norway.\n\nMethods: In this cohort study, we followed all children born in Norway during 2007–2019 from 6 months to 5 years of age for type 1 diabetes. In an interrupted time series analysis, we compared type 1 diabetes incidence in children born before compared with after introduction of the rotavirus vaccination programme in September 2014.\n\nResults: Of 740,744 included children, 846 were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes between 6 months and 5 years of age. Our primary interrupted time series analysis showed an increasing trend after implementation of the rotavirus vaccination programme (relative HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.20]), which was not significant after excluding birth cohorts from 2013–2015 to avoid potential herd immunity effects (relative HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.93, 1.18]). In a secondary analysis comparing fully vaccinated with non-vaccinated children, the adjusted HR was 1.17 (95% CI 0.78, 1.77).\n\nConclusions/Interpretation: This study found no evidence for a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes after introduction of rotavirus vaccination in infancy.\n\nGraphical Abstract:\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06832-0.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Paediatric Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maria Östman",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-4200-2015"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ketil Størdal",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7826-8646"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "German Tapia",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1770-1183"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Lars C. Stene",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8434-119X"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1n28wzsbv875y.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00125-026-06832-0",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13714045/",
  "id": "1n28wzsbv875y",
  "issns": [
    "0012-186X",
    "1432-0428"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06832-0",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Diabetes and associated disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204545893",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00125-026-06832-0.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714045",
  "pmid": "42663626",
  "published": "2026-08-28",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1n28wzsbv875y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:21:37Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13714045",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06832-0"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Diabetes and associated disorders",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Rotavirus vaccination and incidence of type 1 diabetes: a population-based natural experiment",
  "title_text": "Rotavirus vaccination and incidence of type 1 diabetes: a population-based natural experiment",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1n28wzsbv875y",
  "venue": "Diabetologia",
  "versions": []
}