{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nChronic inflammation contributes to breast cancer progression, yet the prognostic relevance of inflammatory signaling pathways in early-stage disease remains incompletely defined. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine regulated by inflammasome activation and receptor-mediated signaling. This study evaluated the clinical and prognostic significance of major IL-1β pathway components in early-stage invasive breast cancer.Methods\n\nA retrospective cohort of 562 patients with early-stage invasive breast cancer treated between 2018 and 2025 was analyzed. Tissue microarrays were constructed, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess intratumoral expression of caspase-1, IL-1 receptor type I (IL-1R I), IL-1 receptor type II (IL-1R II), IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RacP), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). Protein expression was quantified using H-scores and dichotomized by survival-based cut-offs. Circulating IL-1β levels were measured by ELISA in a subset of patients (n = 66). Associations with clinicopathological features, disease-free survival (DFS), and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were evaluated.Results\n\nHigh intratumoral caspase-1 expression was associated with favorable tumor characteristics, reduced recurrence and metastasis, and improved DFS and BCSS. In contrast, elevated IL-1R II expression correlated with disease recurrence and shorter DFS. IL-1β expression alone showed no independent prognostic significance. Combined analyses demonstrated improved outcomes in tumors with preserved caspase-1 and IL-1β expression. Circulating IL-1β levels were higher in basal-type tumors but showed limited prognostic value.Conclusions\n\nPrognostic effects of IL-1β signaling in early-stage breast cancer depend on inflammasome integrity and receptor regulation rather than cytokine abundance alone. Integrated pathway profiling may improve biologically meaningful prognostic stratification.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq-Qualaraisi, Sulaimani City, Iraq."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hersh Abdul Ham-Karim"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1nxa2ncms1grk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.32074/1591-951x-1987",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13753858",
  "id": "1nxa2ncms1grk",
  "issns": [
    "0031-2983",
    "1591-951X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43012436",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1306|Breast Cancer Treatment Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225786599",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13753858?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13753858",
  "pmid": "43012436",
  "published": "2026-06-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1nxa2ncms1grk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:25:13Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43012436",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43012436"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1306|Breast Cancer Treatment Studies",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The IL-1β signaling axis as a prognostic determinant in early-stage breast cancer: integrated analysis of tumor and circulating biomarkers.",
  "title_text": "The IL-1β signaling axis as a prognostic determinant in early-stage breast cancer: integrated analysis of tumor and circulating biomarkers.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T15:20:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1nxa2ncms1grk",
  "venue": "Pathologica",
  "versions": []
}