{
  "abstract": "Despite its economic importance and widespread use in laboratory studies, reliable sex determination of adult Tribolium confusum remains problematic because available methods rely on pupal characters, genital examination, or subtle external traits that are invasive or require strong magnifications. In this study, all previously reported sexually dimorphic characters are re-examined and illustrated, and two previously overlooked diagnostic characters are described from the terminal abdominal region. Both newly recognized characters are detectable at 15× and clearly visible at 30× in ventral view, providing independent yet complementary evidence for sex determination. Validation by genital examination confirmed all sex assignments based on external morphology. The characters described here provide a rapid, reliable, and non-invasive method for sex determination in adult T. confusum and facilitate the use of living adults in all studies, such as behavioral, reproductive, physiological, and toxicological, where preserving sample integrity is critical.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Giuliano Cerasa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Salvatore Guarino"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roberta Sapia"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ezio Peri"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1q1haf1echafx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4081/jear.2026.15927",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jear/article/view/15927",
  "id": "1q1haf1echafx",
  "issns": [
    "2038-324X",
    "2279-7084"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2026.15927",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "QL1-991"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1105|Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223337934",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.pagepressjournals.org/jear/article/download/15927/14597",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": "PAGEPress Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1q1haf1echafx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:44:35Z",
      "native_id": "b1601b9f7e614674907481d57b3e3545",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4081/jear.2026.15927"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1105|Coleoptera Taxonomy and Distribution",
      "subfield": "ecology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Rapid and non-invasive adult sex determination in Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): reassessment of sexual characters and new diagnostic features",
  "title_text": "Rapid and non-invasive adult sex determination in Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): reassessment of sexual characters and new diagnostic features",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:44:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1q1haf1echafx",
  "venue": "Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research",
  "versions": []
}