{
  "abstract": "Purpose: Most patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) do not benefit from treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death (ligand) 1 (PD-(L)1). Radiation might improve response to immunotherapy by increasing the immunogenicity of prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate radium-223-mediated changes in the micro- and macroenvironment of mCRPC.\n\nMethods: In this prospective, multicenter study (ICTRP NL-OMON26890), 28 patients with mCRPC and predominantly bone metastases were treated with radium-223, according to standard-of-care. Primary endpoint was failure-free survival (FFS). Imaging included sequential positron emission tomography (PET) with gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) and zirconium-89 atezolizumab (89Zr-atezolizumab) to quantify whole-body expression of PD-L1 in vivo (SUVmean/max). Paired PET analysis included nine patients. The immune status of patients was characterized in biopsies from bone metastases and in blood using (multiplex) immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry, respectively. Sequential biopsy analysis included two patients.\n\nResults: 89Zr-atezolizumab uptake in 68Ga-PSMA positive bone metastases showed high intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity. In the total volume of 68Ga-PSMA-positive bone lesions, the median SUVmean of 89Zr-atezolizumab was 2.5 (IQR 0.9–3.4) at baseline and 0.9 (IQR 0.5–2.5) after three cycles of radium-223, which was higher than the physiological uptake in bone marrow at baseline and after treatment with radium-223. After three cycles of radium-223, 89Zr-atezolizumab uptake decreased in bone metastases, independent of response on 68Ga-PSMA PET, and the number of lymphocytes in tumor tissue and blood decreased concomitantly.\n\nConclusions: Treatment of mCRPC bone metastases with radium-223 results in a significant decrease of in vivo PD-L1-expression on PET imaging and a decrease in immune cells in bone metastases and blood. These findings indicate that treatment with alpha emitting radium-223 alters the immune microenvironment, thereby potentially reducing the efficacy of PD-(L)1 inhibitors.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-026-08175-9.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Doctor Molewaterplein 40 3015 GD, Rotterdam, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, UMC Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Franciscus Gasthuis and Vlietland Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud UMC, Nijmegen, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sui Wai Ling"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Anouk de Jong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mark Gorris"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marcel Segbers"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laura Graven"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Marjolein van Driel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Geert van Leenders"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Khrystany Isebia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Marjolijn Lub – de Hooge"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Paul Hamberg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Niven Mehra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mandy van Brakel"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ronald de Wit"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Reno Debets"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Elisabeth de Vries"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tessa Brabander"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jolanda de Vries"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Astrid van der Veldt"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qf1zmajm7aea.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00259-026-08175-9",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13727859/",
  "id": "1qf1zmajm7aea",
  "issns": [
    "1619-7070",
    "1619-7089"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-026-08175-9",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2740|Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212237301",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00259-026-08175-9.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13727859",
  "pmid": "42728370",
  "published": "2026-09-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qf1zmajm7aea.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:23:39Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13727859",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-026-08175-9"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:2741|Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Radium-223 decreases PD-L1 expression in bone metastases: A study with [89Zr]Zr-atezolizumab PET and immunohistological correlation",
  "title_text": "Radium-223 decreases PD-L1 expression in bone metastases: A study with [89Zr]Zr-atezolizumab PET and immunohistological correlation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:20:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qf1zmajm7aea",
  "venue": "European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging",
  "versions": []
}