{
  "abstract": "High-performance and durable organic photovoltaics (OPVs) require interlayers that enable efficient carrier extraction and long-term stability while remaining compatible with scalable and printing-based processing. In this study, we demonstrate a molecular diffusion-driven graded polymer hole-transport layer (g-HTL) for efficient and thermally durable OPVs. The g-HTL is fabricated by water-transfer printing a thin PM6 layer onto a non-fullerene acceptor (NFA)-rich PM6:L8-BO active layer, followed by surface treatment with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). The limited penetration of PMA produces a vertically graded p+–p–i configuration within the printed polymer layer, while preserving its laterally correlated surface morphology. OPVs incorporating a g-HTL achieve a power conversion efficiency of 17.18%, compared with 16.31% for conventional MoO3-based devices, owing to the improved carrier transport and collection. The printed PM6-based graded layer exhibits high morphological stability under thermal stress. Together with the thermally robust NFA-rich active layer, this morphologically stable g-HTL enables OPVs to retain nearly 90% of their initial efficiency after thermal aging at 85 °C for 15 days, compared with approximately 70% for MoO3-based devices. These results demonstrate that molecular diffusion engineering of printed polymer interlayers is an effective strategy for improving the efficiency and thermal durability of polymer-based photovoltaic devices.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Electronic Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Seungpil Baek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Minwoo Nam",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6155-8337"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qszq8gpt63tg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/polym18212636",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1qszq8gpt63tg",
  "issns": [
    "2073-4360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2636",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223692845",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qszq8gpt63tg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/polym18212636",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2636"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2073-4360",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular Diffusion-Driven Graded Polymer Hole-Transport Layers Enabling Efficient and Durable Organic Photovoltaics",
  "title_text": "Molecular Diffusion-Driven Graded Polymer Hole-Transport Layers Enabling Efficient and Durable Organic Photovoltaics",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1qszq8gpt63tg",
  "venue": "Polymers",
  "versions": []
}