{
  "abstract": "Glioblastoma and medulloblastoma are characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, in which tumor-associated macrophages may impair T-cell function, in part through the expression of PD-L1 and CSF1R. Single-target therapies have shown inconsistent results in brain tumors, likely due to the complex interplay involving tumor-associated macrophages and immunosuppression. We developed two immunoliposomes functionalized with antibodies against PD-L1 and CSF1R to co-target these receptors on M2-like tumor-associated macrophages. TAM2Ms were generated by polarizing THP-1 monocytes with glioblastoma (A172, U87MG) and medulloblastoma (DAOY, ONS-76) tumor-conditioned medium together with IL-4 and IL-13. In co-culture with activated Jurkat T cells under tumor-conditioned medium-influenced conditions, combined PD-L1 and CSF1R immunoliposomes enhanced T-cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and improved migration toward tumor spheroids compared to single-target liposomal treatments or free antibodies. These benefits varied between glioblastoma and medulloblastoma in vitro models, reflecting distinct TAM2M phenotypes and microenvironment contexts. Dual immunoliposome targeting of PD-L1 and CSF1R may offer a promising strategy for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages in brain tumor immunotherapy and warrants further evaluation in primary human macrophages and in vivo models to clarify efficacy and mechanisms.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Medical Faculty of University of Duisburg-Essen"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "O. Asad Pour"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Asadpour"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Ghanam"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Best"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Rahbarizadeh"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Hetze"
    },
    {
      "name": "V. K. Chetty"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Barthel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Z. Amoozgar"
    },
    {
      "name": "H. H. Schmidt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "B. K. Thakur"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1r62ce049wts0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.16.751417",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.751417v1.full",
  "id": "1r62ce049wts0",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.751417v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Immune cells in cancer"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214061484",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.751417v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-16",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1r62ce049wts0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:23:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.16.751417",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.751417v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Dual Immunoliposome Targeting of PD-L1 and CSF1R affects T-Cell readouts in tumor-conditioned co-cultures: An In Vitro Study in Glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma",
  "title_text": "Dual Immunoliposome Targeting of PD-L1 and CSF1R affects T-Cell readouts in tumor-conditioned co-cultures: An In Vitro Study in Glioblastoma and Medulloblastoma",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:23:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1r62ce049wts0",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}