{
  "abstract": "Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has transformed the treatment of relapsed or refractory hematological malignancies, producing deep and durable responses in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, antigen escape, limited in vivo persistence, T-cell exhaustion, and toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) limit broader application. This review synthesizes the mechanistic basis and clinical evidence for the currently approved CAR T-cell products and examines engineering strategies designed to overcome these barriers, including “armored” CAR T cells, multitargeted and logic-gated constructs, and modular or universal platforms intended to extend this approach beyond CD19-positive disease. Combination strategies with immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiotherapy, and other immunotherapies are discussed, together with emerging biomarkers of response and toxicity. Continued optimization of CAR design, toxicity management, and manufacturing scalability will be essential for CAR T-cell therapy to become a foundational pillar of precision oncology.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan",
    "College of Pharmacy, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates",
    "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan",
    "Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan",
    "Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 566, Irbid 21163, Jordan",
    "Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan",
    "School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India",
    "School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India",
    "North Wales Medical School, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor LL57 2AS, UK"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alaa A. A. Aljabali",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9519-6338"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad A. Obeid"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Abdelrahim Alqudah",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3721-8225"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yassmen Hamzat"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alaa Alqudah",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2826-058X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Lorca Alzoubi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3883-6677"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Omar Gammoh",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8801-2652"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Esam Qnais",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6203-4527"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Vijay Mishra",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6542-2464"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Yachana Mishra",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3467-0518"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Taher Hatahet",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0171-3304"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed El-Tanani"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1rffstdzmx37r.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18203254",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702778/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1rffstdzmx37r",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3254",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|CAR-T cell therapy research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221160892",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13702778/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13702778",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1rffstdzmx37r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18203254",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/20/3254"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13702778",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13702778"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|CAR-T cell therapy research",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "CAR T-Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Mechanisms, Innovations, and Challenges",
  "title_text": "CAR T-Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Mechanisms, Innovations, and Challenges",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1rffstdzmx37r",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}