{
  "abstract": "Background: Most people recover well following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). However, some experience persisting post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) for months or years. Our aims were (i) to evaluate the presence and impact of PPCS on return to functional activities over a 12-month period; and (ii) identify pre-, peri- and post-injury factors predictive of PPCS in an Australian community-based cohort at 3- and 12-months. Methods: Adults (18–65 years) with mTBI were assessed by telephone within 7 days post-injury to capture demographics, pre-injury health status, injury circumstances (including mechanism, site of head impact) and symptoms. The primary outcome measure was the presence of PPCS, measured with the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS). Logistic regression identified predictors of PPCS at 3- and 12-months. Results: Of 232 participants, 49.7% had PPCS at 3-months and 45.6% at 12-months. Return to work was 96.7% at 3-months and 96.9% at 12-months, despite nearly 50% reporting PPCS. Participants with a high initial symptom burden (PCSS ≥30) were six times more likely to experience PPCS at 3-months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.17, 95% CI 2.63–14.46) and three times as likely to have PPCS at 12-months (aOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.01–7.23). Acute symptoms of “feeling slow” or “nervousness” predicted PPCS at 3-months (aOR 2.97 and 2.74, respectively), but not at 12-months. Conclusion: Of those who completed follow-up, nearly half had persistent symptoms at 12-months, often continuing to work despite symptoms. High initial symptom severity and acute symptoms may help clinicians identify those needing early targeted follow-up to reduce the burden of PPCS.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Curtin Medical Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia",
    "Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Discipline of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Rockingham General Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Joondalup Health Campus, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, St John of God Hospital Murdoch, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Royal Flying Doctor Service - Western Operations, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, St John of God Midland Public Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Albany Regional Hospital, Albany, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Emergency Department, Geraldton Regional Hospital, Geraldton, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Development, Deakin University, MelbourneVictoria, Australia",
    "The Kids Research Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China",
    "Consultant Neurosurgeon, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "The Neurological Intervention & Imaging Service of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia",
    "Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 28,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0
      ],
      "name": "Jacinta Thorne"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jemma Keeves"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aleksandra K. Gozt"
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    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Gill Cowen"
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    {
      "affs": [
        4
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      "name": "Elizabeth Thomas"
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    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Alexander Ring"
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    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "HuiJun Chih"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Caerwen Beaton"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Francesca Buhagiar"
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    {
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        9
      ],
      "name": "Amanda Jefferson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Melissa Papini"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Glenn Arendts"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Antonio Celenza"
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    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Ben Smedley"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Sjinene Van Schalkwyk"
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    {
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        15
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      "name": "John Charles Iliff"
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    {
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        16
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      "name": "Nicole Ghedina"
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    {
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      "name": "Russell Young"
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      "name": "Monica Marton"
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      "name": "Suzanne Robinson"
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      "name": "Melissa Licari"
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      "name": "Dan Xu"
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      "name": "Stephen Honeybul"
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      "name": "Michael Bynevelt"
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      "name": "Carmela Pestell"
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      "name": "Daniel Fatovich"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26
      ],
      "name": "Sarah C. Hellewell"
    },
    {
      "name": "Melinda Fitzgerald"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1s51esepczsjd.bib",
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  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0339248",
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  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
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  "title": "Predicting recovery outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in an Australian community cohort: Results from the Concussion Recovery Study (CREST)",
  "title_text": "Predicting recovery outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in an Australian community cohort: Results from the Concussion Recovery Study (CREST)",
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