{
  "abstract": "Background: The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Score (IChIS), an inflammation-based biomarker incorporating neutrophil and immature granulocyte counts, was recently developed to predict outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). However, evidence regarding its prognostic performance in independent real-world populations remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of IChIS in a real-world cohort of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immunotherapy. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 169 patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic NSCLC who received ICIs with palliative intent between September 2022 and December 2025. IChIS ranged from 0 to 2 and was analyzed as a categorical variable, with IChIS 0 as the reference category. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), while overall survival (OS) was evaluated as a secondary exploratory endpoint. Survival outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Multivariable models included ICI treatment line as a clinically relevant potential confounder. Results: A total of 169 patients were included. The median follow-up was 14.1 months. IChIS 0, 1, and 2 were observed in 105 (62.1%), 33 (19.5%), and 31 (18.4%) patients, respectively. Median PFS decreased across increasing IChIS categories. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, compared with IChIS 0, both IChIS 1 (adjusted HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.00–2.59; p = 0.04) and IChIS 2 (adjusted HR 3.63, 95% CI 2.22–5.92; p < 0.001) were independently associated with shorter PFS. For OS, IChIS 1 was not significantly associated with outcome (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% CI 0.86–2.64; p = 0.15), whereas IChIS 2 was independently associated with shorter OS (adjusted HR 4.40, 95% CI 2.53–7.64; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Higher IChIS was independently associated with shorter PFS in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving ICIs, supporting its potential role as a simple and readily available prognostic biomarker. The association with OS was primarily observed in patients with IChIS 2 and should be interpreted cautiously given the relatively short follow-up. Prospective multicenter validation is warranted.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Etlik City Hospital, 06170 Ankara, Turkey"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "İsmail Dilli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Engin Eren Kavak",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3247-5361"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mehmetcan Atak",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2263-2079"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Selahattin Çelik",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5678-2633"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Özlem Aydın İsak"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Esra Zeynelgil",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7200-9440"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Doğan Yazılıtaş"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1tkc5m66p3b4y.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15197750",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1tkc5m66p3b4y",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7750",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221101228",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-08",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1tkc5m66p3b4y.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:00Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15197750",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/19/7750"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Inflammatory Biomarkers in Disease Prognosis",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Real-World Evaluation of the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Score (IChIS) in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy",
  "title_text": "Real-World Evaluation of the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Score (IChIS) in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immunotherapy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:00Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1tkc5m66p3b4y",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}