{
  "abstract": "We present the most comprehensive set of empirical optical strong-line metallicity calibrations to date, based on the DEep Spectra of Ionised REgions Database (DESIRED), the largest compilation of H ii regions and galaxies with direct electron-temperature determinations. We construct a high-quality calibration sample of 2392 spectra: 1029 extragalactic H ii regions, 1296 local star-forming galaxies, and 67 high-redshift (z > 2) galaxies, drawn from 201 independent literature references, spanning 12 + log (O/H) ∈ [6.79, 9.07]. Physical conditions and chemical abundances are derived homogeneously using up-to-date atomic data. We derive 27 strong-line calibrations covering oxygen-, nitrogen-, sulphur-, argon-, and neon-based line ratios, including 4 previously uncalibrated diagnostics, with reported validity ranges and intrinsic dispersions (typically ∼0.15 − 0.35 dex). For the first time in a systematic calibration framework, all relations are presented for both the homogeneous temperature case (t2 = 0) and a scenario including temperature inhomogeneities (t2 > 0), thereby reconciling abundances from recombination lines (RLs) and collisionally excited lines (CELs) and directly tackling the abundance discrepancy problem. A comparison with previous calibrations shows that the DESIRED relations span the broadest validity intervals while remaining anchored to the empirical data. Comparisons with z > 2 galaxies show that several DESIRED calibrations remain consistent with independent high-redshift relations within their intrinsic scatter, whereas others display systematic offsets associated with elevated N/O or harder ionising conditions. Thus, DESIRED calibrations can provide reliable metallicity estimates at high redshift for a subset of diagnostics, while highlighting the need to account for diagnostic-specific redshift evolution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE SECIHTI) , Luis E. Erro 1, 72840, Tonantzintla, Puebla ,",
    "Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , A.P. 70-264, 04510 CDMX ,",
    "Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias , E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife ,",
    "Universidad de La Laguna Departamento de Astrofísica, , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife ,",
    "Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory , Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ ,",
    "Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , A.P. 106, Ensenada 22800, BC ,",
    "Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Av. Universidad s/n, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos ,",
    "Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) , Madrid ,",
    "Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg , Mönchhofstraße 12-14, D-69120 Heidelberg ,",
    "Main Astronomical Observatory, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , 27 Akademika Zabolotnoho Street, UA-03680 Kyiv ,",
    "Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada ,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 19,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "F Fabián Rosales-Ortega",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3642-9146"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "J Eduardo Méndez-Delgado"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jonhatan U Guerrero-González"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "César Esteban",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5247-5943"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jorge García-Rojas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Karla Z Arellano-Córdova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Alejandra Z Lugo-Aranda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Omar Espíndola-Camacho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "J C López-Gutiérrez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "L E Martínez-Rivero"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Christophe Morisset",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5801-6724"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Maialen Orte-García"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Elena Reyes-Rodríguez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "L Toribio San Cipriano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn Kreckel",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6551-3091"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Oleg Egorov"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Igor A Zinchenko",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2944-2449"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sebastián F Sánchez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "José M Vílchez"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1vy5y7examxxn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/mnras/stag1963",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "1vy5y7examxxn",
  "issns": [
    "0035-8711",
    "1365-2966"
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  "landing_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1963/8979798",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena"
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  "openalex": "W7154948898",
  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1963/72372863/stag1963.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1vy5y7examxxn.ris",
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The DESIRED strong-line calibrations: I. New empirical metallicity relations for the local and high-redshift universe",
  "title_text": "The DESIRED strong-line calibrations: I. New empirical metallicity relations for the local and high-redshift universe",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1vy5y7examxxn",
  "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
  "versions": []
}