{
  "abstract": "Background: Processed meat and unprocessed red meat are considered carcinogenic and ‘probably carcinogenic’ to humans, respectively, but findings for bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Objectives: We assessed associations between processed meat and unprocessed red meat intake and bladder cancer risk using data from the Pooling Project of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Methods: Associations with bladder cancer risk were assessed using individual-level data from 30 cohort studies from North America, Europe, Australia and Asia. Diet was assessed at enrolment using validated food frequency questionnaires or diet histories. Following a pre-specified analysis plan, study- and sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox regression, adjusted for smoking status and duration and other potential confounders, and pooled using inverse-variance-weighted random-effects meta-analysis. Results: During median follow-up across cohorts of 8–29 years, among 2,575,971 participants, 20,780 were diagnosed with bladder cancer. Processed meat intake was associated with increased bladder cancer risk (HR comparing ≥40 with <5 g/day = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02–1.15; HR per 20 g/day = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00–1.03). Weaker evidence of association with increased risk was also observed for unprocessed red meat (HR comparing ≥100 with <20 g/day = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00–1.13; HR per 50 g/day = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99–1.03). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by study, sex, or region. Conclusions: Higher intakes of processed meat and unprocessed red meat were associated with a small increase in risk of bladder cancer. These findings are consistent with existing public health recommendations to limit consumption of red and processed meat.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia",
    "Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia",
    "School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia",
    "Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA",
    "Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands",
    "Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden",
    "Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA",
    "Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA",
    "Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA",
    "Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA",
    "Clinical Effectiveness Research Group, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden",
    "Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, University Park, PA 16802, USA",
    "Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA",
    "Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA",
    "The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA",
    "Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA",
    "Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA",
    "Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Group (CSPRG), Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK",
    "Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA",
    "Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain",
    "Department of Cohort Research, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan",
    "Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3, Canada",
    "Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada",
    "Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore",
    "Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA",
    "Kaiser Permanente School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA",
    "Division of Health Analytics, Department of Computational and Quantitative Medicine, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA",
    "Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA",
    "Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA",
    "Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA",
    "Discovery Sciences, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA",
    "International Epidemiology Field Station, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA",
    "Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA",
    "Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA",
    "Department of Urology, Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA 02114, USA",
    "Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Boston, MA 02215, USA",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA",
    "Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA",
    "Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 74,
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      "name": "Ziyu Wang",
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      "name": "Candyce H. Kroenke"
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      "name": "James V. Lacey"
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      "name": "Linda M. Liao",
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      "name": "Erikka Loftfield",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3573-8748"
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      "name": "Chaoran Ma"
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      "name": "Loic Le Marchand",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5013-980X"
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      "name": "Maria Elena Martinez"
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      "name": "Anthony B. Miller"
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      "name": "Steven C. Moore",
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      "name": "Lorelei A. Mucci"
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      "name": "Heather M. Munro",
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      "name": "Marian L. Neuhouser"
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      "name": "Jessica L. Petrick"
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      "name": "Jenny N. Poynter"
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      "name": "Mark A. Preston"
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      "name": "Anna Prizment",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5924-6871"
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      "name": "Samantha Rees"
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      "name": "Kim Robien",
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      "name": "Thomas E. Rohan",
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      "name": "Sven Sandin",
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      "name": "Norie Sawada",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9936-1476"
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      "name": "Eva S. Schernhammer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4337-9415"
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      "name": "Marissa M. Shams-White",
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      "name": "Martha J. Shrubsole",
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      "name": "Xiao-Ou Shu"
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      "name": "Rashmi Sinha"
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      "name": "Sabina Sieri",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5201-172X"
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      "name": "Mingyang Song"
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        9
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      "name": "Meir J. Stampfer"
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      "name": "Rachael Z. Stolzenberg-Solomon",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3698-7006"
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      "name": "Matthew Triplette"
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      "name": "Caroline Y. Um",
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      "name": "Kala Visvanathan"
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      "name": "Trang VoPham"
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  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1ws1q3fr8w9da.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/cancers18193203",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664252/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "1ws1q3fr8w9da",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6694"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664252",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Nutritional Studies and Diet"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220376453",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13664252/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13664252",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1ws1q3fr8w9da.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:35Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13664252",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13664252"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/cancers18193203",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/18/19/3203"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Nutritional Studies and Diet",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies",
  "title_text": "Consumption of Processed Meat and Unprocessed Red Meat and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 30 Cohort Studies",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1ws1q3fr8w9da",
  "venue": "Cancers",
  "versions": []
}