{
  "abstract": "The spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors poses a major challenge to control programs. As insecticide-based interventions intensify, selection for resistance alleles increases, making it essential to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying resistance in local Anopheles populations. This study characterized target-site resistance mutations and copy number variants (CNVs) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from nine sites with different malaria vector interventions and ecological contexts. WHO bioassays revealed moderate-to-high pyrethroid resistance (4-65%) at all sites, while Obuasi (IRS) showed markedly elevated organophosphate resistance (1.7%) compared to other locations. The L995F kdr mutation was strongly associated with pyrethroid resistance (P < 0.05) and occurred at high frequencies in IRS and standard LLIN sites (0.82-1.0). Additional kdr variants (L995S, N1570Y, I1527T, V402L) appeared at variable frequencies (0-0.59). The Ace-1 G280S mutation was significantly associated with pirimiphos-methyl resistance (OR=2.20, P<0.001). Ace-1 gene duplications occurred in 22.8% of mosquitoes, predominantly in individuals carrying the G280S resistance allele (P<0.001). Carboxylesterase CNVs were also identified, with Coeaxf_Dup1 (30.4%) significantly associated with pirimiphos-methyl resistance (OR = 1.68, P = 0.02). These findings demonstrate the widespread, multifaceted resistance mechanisms in An. gambiae s.l. across Ghana and highlight the need for locally tailored vector control strategies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Ghana"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "A. Abdulai"
    },
    {
      "name": "I. K. Sraku"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. M. Owusu-Asenso"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. A. Ebuako"
    },
    {
      "name": "Y. Akuamoah-Boateng"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. R. M. Sabtiu"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Boateng"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Koranteng"
    },
    {
      "name": "B. C. Obeng"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. Amoateng"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Aboagye-Antwi"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. F. Ayeh-Kumi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Y. A. Afrane"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1z73z1kyr0dtd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.10.14.759058",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759058v1.full",
  "id": "1z73z1kyr0dtd",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759058v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "molecular biology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Malaria Research and Control"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222743108",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759058v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1z73z1kyr0dtd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:28:10Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.10.14.759058",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.14.759058v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "biorxiv:molecular biology",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Genetic surveillance of target site mutations and copy number variants associated with the escalating insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Ghana",
  "title_text": "Genetic surveillance of target site mutations and copy number variants associated with the escalating insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Ghana",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:28:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/1z73z1kyr0dtd",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}