{
  "abstract": "BackgroundMotor-imagery electroencephalography often provides limited subject-specific supervision. This study tested whether complementary leaky integrate-and-fire (CLIF)-family temporal-state decoding shows a decoder-level advantage after the EEG representation is fixed, how that advantage changes with decoder-label availability, and whether hard binary spikes are required.MethodsANN-SEW, the artificial neural network comparator with spike-element-wise (SEW) residual topology, and SEW-CLIF received identical frozen attention-based temporal convolutional network (ATCNet) and filter-bank convolutional network (FBCNet) representations. The evidence chain combined BCI Competition IV Dataset 2a (BCI2a) development, retrospective OpenBMI replication, an internally pre-access-held-out BCI Competition IV Dataset 2b (BCI2b) evaluation, cross-entropy-only label-budget analyses, and a separate internally pre-access-locked BNCI2015-001 Session-A-to-Session-B evaluation. Additional robustness analyses included shared whole-sequence readout for parameter-matched gated recurrent unit (GRU) and temporal convolutional network (TCN) decoders, exact-gradient sigmoid-gated Soft-CLIF, equal optimizer-update budgets, a within-BCI2a binary sensitivity analysis, and computational profiling.ResultsUnder cross-entropy-only training, SEW-CLIF exceeded ANN-SEW by 10.082 percentage points (pp) on BCI2a and 5.470 pp. on OpenBMI, while full-budget BCI2b remained near parity (+0.181 pp). The ANN-relative gap decreased as decoder labels increased and persisted under equal-update training. At 25 labels/class, exact-gradient Soft-CLIF exceeded ANN-SEW by 11.085, 8.479, and 5.809 pp. on BCI2a, BCI2b, and OpenBMI, respectively. With matched whole-sequence readout, hard SEW-CLIF was broadly comparable to GRU-Stat and TCN-Stat on BCI2a and BCI2b and modestly higher on OpenBMI. The internally pre-access-locked BNCI2015-001 evaluation showed the same attenuation, with a slope of −2.319 pp. per label doubling (95% CI, −4.118 to −0.604).ConclusionCLIF-family temporal-state dynamics show a reproducible decoder-label-regime effect under frozen supervised representations. Hard forward discretization is not required for the ANN-relative effect, and matched temporal readout substantially reduces differences between CLIF and other continuous temporal decoders.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": "Original Research",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Yijun Sha"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jiangdi Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fengming An"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiangyong Kong"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dong Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/212fewcvft6wn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "212fewcvft6wn",
  "issns": [
    "1662-453X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "biology/neuroscience"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/212fewcvft6wn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:20:44Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366",
      "source": "feed-frontiers",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:23:25Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1966366/full"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "feed-journal:biology/neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Evidence for decoder-label-regime-dependent effects of complementary leaky integrate-and-fire temporal-state decoding in motor-imagery EEG",
  "title_text": "Evidence for decoder-label-regime-dependent effects of complementary leaky integrate-and-fire temporal-state decoding in motor-imagery EEG",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T00:25:35Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/212fewcvft6wn",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}