{
  "abstract": "Conventional agriculture on chemical fertilizers and pesticides has serious environmental and health implications. This necessitates the development of more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. This study aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Cassia absus leaf extract via a green synthesis approach and evaluate their dual role as biofertilizers and biopesticides in sustainable agriculture. The biosynthesized ZnONPs were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. A characteristic absorption peak at 355 nm confirmed nanoparticle (NP) formation, whereas XRD analysis revealed a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 45-55 nm. SEM analysis showed spherical to quasi-spherical NPs with an average size of 75 nm, whereas DLS indicated a hydrodynamic diameter of 83.5 nm and a zeta potential of + 48.7 mV, confirming excellent colloidal stability. The in vitro antibacterial activity of ZnONPs was evaluated against the phytopathogens Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Significant inhibition zones of 20 mm, 18 mm, and 27.5 mm, respectively, were observed, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 30, 40, and 20 µg/mL. In pot experiments using Capsicum annuum, ZnONPs significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, including plant height, leaf length, and leaf width, with up to a 37% improvement observed at moderate concentrations (5 µg/10 mL). These results demonstrate that ZnONPs offer an effective dual strategy for enhancing plant growth and controlling bacterial pathogens, making them promising candidates for sustainable agricultural applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan",
    "Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. z.rehman@kust.edu.pk",
    "Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan",
    "Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia",
    "Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan",
    "Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan",
    "Department of Physical Sciences, Physics Division, College of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia. mohammadshariq@jazanu.edu.sa",
    "Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. ahmedvandy@gmail.com",
    "Environment and Nature Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hassan Iqbal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zia Ur Rehman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Jamil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nigar Ahmad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yehia Hazzazi",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-0956-6919"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Nasir Assad",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-9435-1414"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Rahila Malik",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1534-651X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Musawir Ahmad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mohammad Shariq",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6723-3242"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Ahmed Vandy",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-2603-9989"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Mukul Sharma"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21f8n9qhca4xr.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.1186/s11671-026-04728-x",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "21f8n9qhca4xr",
  "issns": [
    "2731-9229"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-026-04728-x",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications"
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  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s11671-026-04728-x.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13291277",
  "pmid": "42334512",
  "published": "2026-06-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21f8n9qhca4xr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:27:01Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-026-04728-x"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
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  ],
  "title": "Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cassia absus leaf extract and evaluation of their biofertilizer potential and in vitro antibacterial activity against phytopathogens",
  "title_text": "Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Cassia absus leaf extract and evaluation of their biofertilizer potential and in vitro antibacterial activity against phytopathogens",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21f8n9qhca4xr",
  "venue": "Discover Nano",
  "versions": []
}