{
  "abstract": "Pyrazines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic flavour compounds characterized by roasted, nutty, and coffee-like aroma notes, and play a key role in the flavour quality of thermally processed foods. Biomimetic and Maillard route synthesis enables efficient generation of pyrazine flavourants from readily available、renewable natural precursors, offering green and sustainable advantages. This review systematically summarizes the research progress in this field since the 1960s, following three main threads: precursor types, formation mechanisms, and regulatory strategies. It reviews the pyrazine-forming capabilities of various precursors including small-molecule carbonyl compounds, sugar-amino acid/ammonia systems, hydroxy amino acids, lipid degradation products, ascorbic acid, and peptides/proteins. Multiple coexisting mechanistic pathways are elucidated, including α-aminoketone condensation-oxidation, free radical pathways, azomethine ylide dimerisation, and peptide-involved mechanisms. The regulatory effects of temperature, pH, precursor structure, reaction media, and emerging technologies on pyrazine yield and distribution are summarized, and the application of computational chemistry in mechanistic studies is discussed. Finally, future research directions are prospected from the perspectives of peptide structure-product relationships, multi-component network analysis, data-driven synthesis, and engineering scale-up, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the design and efficient preparation of pyrazine flavourants.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Tobacco Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry No. 136 Ke Xue Avenue Zhengzhou Henan 450002 People's Republic of China 2021038@zzuli.edu.cn."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bingyang Wang",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-7998-9297"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yao Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lianchen Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wentao Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie Ren",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-1390-1117"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21qx5d0czdd85.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra07015a",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688884",
  "id": "21qx5d0czdd85",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924089",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1305|Biochemical and biochemical processes"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223174185",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13688884?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13688884",
  "pmid": "42924089",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21qx5d0czdd85.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924089",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924089"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13688884",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07015a"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1305|Biochemical and biochemical processes",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Advances in the biomimetic and Maillard route synthesis and regulation of pyrazine flavour compounds.",
  "title_text": "Advances in the biomimetic and Maillard route synthesis and regulation of pyrazine flavour compounds.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:06Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/21qx5d0czdd85",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}