{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nEnhancing ginsenoside accumulation is essential for improving the medicinal quality of Panax ginseng. Although iron nanoparticles (Fe-NPs) have emerged as promising elicitors of secondary metabolism, their specific effects on ginsenoside biosynthesis remains elusive.Methods\n\nGinseng adventitious roots were treated with Fe-NP treatment in comparison with a conventional iron source (Fe₃O₄). Physiological responses, ginsenoside profiles, and the expression of key biosynthetic and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes were analyzed to compare elicitation efficiency and potential toxicity.Results\n\nAt a lower concentration (10 ϻM), Fe-NP concentrations markedly induced key ginsenoside-biosynthetic genes and increased total ginsenoside content by 14-16%, whereas equivalent concentrations of Fe₃O₄ caused no significant metabolic changes, demonstrating the superior elicitation efficiency of the nanoparticle formulation. In contrast, higher Fe-NP doses (50-100 μM) caused iron toxicity and suppressed ginsenoside accumulation, likely through excessive ROS generation as supported by strong induction of ROS-detoxification genes. Notably, ginsenoside Re levels increased under iron stress, suggesting a potential antioxidative role.Conclusion\n\nOverall, our findings reveal a dose-dependent dual effect of Fe-NPs, promoting ginsenoside biosynthesis at optimal doses while triggering ROS-mediated suppression at higher levels, and highlight the importance of precise Fe-NP dosage optimization for biotechnological applications.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.",
    "Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, 13330, Mongolia."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Unenzaya Bayaraa",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5225-6361"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jin Hoon Jang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ok Ran Lee",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6928-5863"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/22299mr6h3475.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101118",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711447",
  "id": "22299mr6h3475",
  "issns": [
    "1226-8453",
    "2093-4947"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948593",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Plant tissue culture and regeneration"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7196924936",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13711447?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13711447",
  "pmid": "42948593",
  "published": "2026-08-06",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/22299mr6h3475.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948593",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948593"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:13Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13711447",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2026.101118"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Plant tissue culture and regeneration",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots.",
  "title_text": "In vitro iron nanoparticles modulate ginsenoside biosynthesis and trigger ROS-mediated stress response in ginseng adventitious roots.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/22299mr6h3475",
  "venue": "Journal of ginseng research",
  "versions": []
}