{
  "abstract": "Generating 100-MeV protons is pivotal to developing laser-driven ion sources for many applications that range from medicine to laboratory astrophysics. An ultra-thin target is a way to increase the ion energy; however, such a target is easily destroyed by the interaction with laser prepulses. We have developed a large-area suspended graphene (LSG) target and demonstrated its durability by generating energetic protons and carbons by irradiating the thinnest target ever (2 nm) with an ultra-intense laser without a plasma mirror. Here, we show the experimental results of proton energies reaching 132 MeV by optimizing the laser conditions for the ultra-thin LSG targets. Ion diagnostics were primarily performed using a CR-39 stack detector combined with machine-learning-assisted analysis. Numerical simulations support the experimental results, where the radiation pressure of a relatively long-duration, low-intensity laser pulse slowly pushes the plasma, leading to the formation of a propagating electrostatic wave that efficiently accelerates protons, as in surfing acceleration.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 35,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Takumi Minami"
    },
    {
      "name": "Che-Men Chu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kentaro Sakai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tomoya Taguchi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Takamasa Hihara"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naoya Tamaki"
    },
    {
      "name": "Soichiro Suzuki"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fuka Nikaido"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuki Abe"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hideaki Habara"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yu-Tzu Liao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Leonard Döhl"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nigel Woolsey"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yasunobu Arikawa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Akifumi Yogo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alessio Morace"
    },
    {
      "name": "Youichi Sakawa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yao-Li Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chun-Sung Jao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tatiana Pikuz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hideki Kohri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Atsushi Tokiyasu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Satoshi Kodaira"
    },
    {
      "name": "Shogo Isayama"
    },
    {
      "name": "Harihara Sudhan Kumar"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naofumi Ohnishi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nathaniel Saura"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sadruddin Benkadda"
    },
    {
      "name": "Satoshi Hamaguchi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Naoki Watamura"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hideyuki Suzuki"
    },
    {
      "name": "Masato Kanasaki"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yuji Fukuda"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wei-Yen Woon"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yasuhiro Kuramitsu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23kah68ws356x.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/ptep/ptag130",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "23kah68ws356x",
  "issns": [
    "2050-3911"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05780324v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.phys"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3106|Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7218761339",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press on behalf of the Physical Society of Japan",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23kah68ws356x.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:48Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05780324",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05780324v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "openalex:3106|Laser-Plasma Interactions and Diagnostics",
      "subfield": "high-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Proton Surfing Acceleration via Propagating Electrostatic Waves Induced by Intense Laser Irradiation on Large-Area Suspended Graphene",
  "title_text": "Proton Surfing Acceleration via Propagating Electrostatic Waves Induced by Intense Laser Irradiation on Large-Area Suspended Graphene",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23kah68ws356x",
  "venue": "Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics [PTEP]",
  "versions": []
}