{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: People with opioid dependence often experience elevated inflammatory markers and poor dietary habits. Evidence from other populations suggests that higher fruit and vegetable intake may reduce inflammation. This multicenter randomized controlled trial investigates whether offering a daily supplementation of 250 mL of fruit smoothie for 16 weeks to people undergoing opioid agonist treatment (OAT) can reduce inflammation biomarkers. Methods: 319 individuals were randomized to receive either a daily supplement of 250 mL of fruit smoothie in addition to standard OAT or standard OAT alone over 16 weeks. The primary outcome was the log-transformed change in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Secondary outcomes included changes in cytokines (IL-8, IL-1RA, and MCP-1) and leukocyte counts. Results: No between-group differences were observed in changes in hs-CRP levels (0.96 (0.77; 1.21) mg/L), leukocytes (0.99 (0.93; 1.05)109/L), IL-8 (1.10 (0.84; 1.46) pg/mL), MCP-1 (0.94 (0.80; 1.11) pg/mL), and IL-1RA (1.06 (0.91; 1.23) pg/mL). High levels of inflammatory markers were observed at baseline in both the intervention group and the control group. Conclusions: After 16 weeks of offering fruit smoothie supplementation in patients receiving OAT, we did not detect a between-group reduction in inflammation markers such as hs-CRP, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1RA, and leukocyte counts, under the achieved level of delivery and exposure. Nonetheless, persistently high levels of inflammatory markers were observed in this study.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, 5009 Bergen, Norway",
    "Bergen Addiction Research, Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway",
    "Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway",
    "Oral Health Centre of Expertise, 4001 Stavanger, Norway",
    "Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway",
    "Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway",
    "Norwegian Institute of Public Health Services, 0213 Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Respiratory Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway",
    "Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway",
    "Norwegian Center for Agonist Treatment of Substance Use Disorders (NORCATS), Department of Addiction, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway",
    "Faculty for Health Sciences, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 13,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lise M. Thomassen",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-0680-2076"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Elaheh J. Arjmand",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1264-6736"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Karl T. Druckrey-Fiskaaen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2905-0613"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Einar Furulund"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jørn Henrik Vold"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Rune Blomhoff"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Hege Berg Henriksen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4566-3193"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        8,
        9
      ],
      "name": "Tesfaye Madebo",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3043-5059"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jan T. Daltveit",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-2056-5573"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        10
      ],
      "name": "Fatemeh Chalabianloo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Torgeir Gilje Lid",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0088-411X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lars T. Fadnes",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8757-2092"
    },
    {
      "name": "for the ATLAS4LAR and FruktBAR study group"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23mc2zzdwvvvr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nu18213623",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "23mc2zzdwvvvr",
  "issns": [
    "2072-6643"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3623",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23mc2zzdwvvvr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:26:35Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nu18213623",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/18/21/3623"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2072-6643",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Fruit Smoothie Supplementation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial",
  "title_text": "Fruit Smoothie Supplementation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Individuals Receiving Opioid Agonist Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T00:21:09Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/23mc2zzdwvvvr",
  "venue": "Nutrients",
  "versions": []
}