{
  "abstract": "Subgrade compaction is a critical procedure in highway construction. To elucidate the dynamic characteristics and energy transfer mechanisms throughout the entire compaction process, this study utilized four test lanes to conduct field experiments on highway subgrade under varying numbers of rolling passes. Comprehensive measurements and analyses were performed regarding the dynamic characteristics of vibration waves, energy distribution, and the evolution of soil compactness during operation. Furthermore, the compaction efficiency and energy transfer within the subgrade were quantitatively evaluated. The results indicate that the dynamic behavior of subgrade materials varies significantly across different compaction stages, which are consequently categorized into three distinct phases: loose, optimal compaction, and over-compaction. In this experiment, the third rolling pass represented the optimal compaction state, characterized by distinct resonance peaks, a regular frequency spectrum, and highly efficient energy transfer. As compactness increases, the horizontal propagation of vibration waves strengthens, whereas vertical attenuation accelerates, causing energy to concentrate beneath the vibration source. Additionally, the proposed method for evaluating compaction efficiency based on the energy transfer coefficient corroborates the three-stage evolution of the process, offering a direct, quantitative indicator for real-time quality assessment and endpoint determination. These findings provide new theoretical insights and empirical data to support intelligent and refined process control in subgrade compaction.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Sichuan Road & Bridge (Group) Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China.",
    "School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xiaobo Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ping Xie",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-8284-7426"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Wubin Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/240p95kna5ash.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361901",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718979",
  "id": "240p95kna5ash",
  "issns": [
    "1932-6203"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361901",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Classical Mechanics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Density"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Energy Transfer"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Engineering and Technology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Material Properties"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Materials Physics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Materials Science"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Mechanical Engineering"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Mechanical Properties"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Motion"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physical Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Physics"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Stiffness"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Vibration"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Vibration Engineering"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Wave Propagation"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Waves"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Engineering and technology/Mechanical engineering/Vibration engineering"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Material properties/Density"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Material properties/Mechanical properties/Stiffness"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials physics/Density"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Motion"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Classical mechanics/Vibration"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Energy transfer"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Materials physics/Density"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Waves"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Physics/Waves/Wave propagation"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718979?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13718979",
  "pmid": "42955905",
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/240p95kna5ash.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0361901",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361901"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:36Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42955905",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955905"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:54Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13718979",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0361901"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "plos:materials science",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "heading:Physics",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Field study on compaction effect and energy evolution characteristics of highway subgrade under low-amplitude vibration",
  "title_text": "Field study on compaction effect and energy evolution characteristics of highway subgrade under low-amplitude vibration",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/240p95kna5ash",
  "venue": "PLOS One",
  "versions": []
}