{
  "abstract": "BackgroundOcean acidification (OA) represents a growing threat to marine biodiversity, particularly affecting the sensitive early life stages of invertebrates. While the physiological impacts of OA are widely recognized, its specific effects on organogenesis and the molecular regulation of defensive traits in cephalopods remain poorly understood. This study investigated the influence of acidified seawater on the embryonic development and ink sac formation in the Pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis).MethodsEmbryos were reared under four pH conditions (8.0, 7.7, 7.3, and 6.5). Embryonic growth, survival, hatching success, and ink sac morphogenesis were monitored throughout development. The expression of melanin synthesis–related genes, including tyr, per, and spNOS, was quantified using qRT-PCR.ResultsOcean acidification impaired embryonic development in a pH-dependent manner. Severe acidification (pH 6.5) resulted in complete mortality and no surviving embryos by Day 9, while moderate acidification (pH 7.3) led to delayed development and failure to hatch by Day 11, compared to the hatching observed in the control group. Ink sac development was markedly inhibited under acidified conditions, resulting in reduced size and pigmentation. Consistent with these morphological abnormalities, the expression of melanin synthesis markers, including tyrosinase (tyr) and peroxidase (per), exhibited a biphasic response, with early transient induction followed by consistent downregulation across all acidified treatments, while, the expression of the regulatory gene Sepia pharaonis nitric oxide synthase (spNOS) was significantly suppressed under severe acidification.ConclusionsThese findings provide evidence that OA is associated with disrupted embryogenesis and impaired ink sac formation in S. pharaonis, accompanied by altered expression of melanin synthesis-related genes. The resulting reduction in defensive capacity may increase the vulnerability of hatchlings and potentially affect population recruitment under future ocean acidification scenarios.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Life Science and Technology, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, China",
    "College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China",
    "College of Marine Science, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shaogang Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiawen Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jiawen Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jiahe Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yongsen Lv"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Junhao Peng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ming Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chunyan Guo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haiyang Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jigui Yuan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Liyun Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/243zge3n7wa6x.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fphys.2026.1979863",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1979863/full",
  "id": "243zge3n7wa6x",
  "issns": [
    "1664-042X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1979863",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "1910|Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses"
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  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2026.1979863/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13739555",
  "pmid": "42996462",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media S.A.",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/243zge3n7wa6x.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:43:11Z",
      "native_id": "2d86ca63808e4792a53543f07490285b",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1979863"
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    {
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1910|Ocean Acidification Effects and Responses",
      "subfield": "oceanography"
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  ],
  "title": "Ocean acidification impairs embryonic development and disrupts ink sac gene expression in the pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)",
  "title_text": "Ocean acidification impairs embryonic development and disrupts ink sac gene expression in the pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis)",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T15:20:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/243zge3n7wa6x",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Physiology",
  "versions": []
}