{
  "abstract": "Olfactory dysfunction is a well-recognized prodromal sign of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to explore the potential of short-form olfactory tests as a more convenient method for assessing PD symptoms in clinical practice. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 176 patients with PD. For each clinical measure, 40 separate logistic regression models evaluated its association with correct identification of each UPSIT-TC odor. Odors showing nominal associations at unrounded p < 0.05 were designated candidate symptom-associated odors. A symptom-specific odor score was constructed when at least two odors (≥ 2) met this criterion. Associations of each clinical measure with the UPSIT-TC total score and its corresponding symptom-specific odor score were subsequently evaluated using correlation analyses and covariate-adjusted regression models. Across all clinical measures, 101 nominal odor-clinical associations involving 31 unique odors were identified, with 17 clinical measures meeting the ≥ 2-odor criterion. Symptom-specific odor scores generally showed stronger unadjusted correlations with their corresponding clinical measures than did the UPSIT-TC total score. After adjustment for age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), with false discovery rate correction across 32 models, symptom-specific odor scores remained significantly associated with MDS-UPDRS total and Parts I-III scores, bradykinesia, rigidity, axial symptoms, NMSS total and gastrointestinal and urinary domain scores, MoCA scores, and NPI total scores. In contrast, the UPSIT-TC total score remained significantly associated only with rigidity. Symptom-specific odor scores have the potential to serve as a more clinically practical tool for assessing PD symptom burden than the UPSIT-TC total score. Further large-scale, multicenter studies are needed to explore odors with higher specificity for PD clinical symptoms.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "The Department of Neurological Institute Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan vghtc.gov.tw.",
    "Division of Clinical Trial Department of Medical Research Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan vghtc.gov.tw.",
    "Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan nchu.edu.tw.",
    "Brain and Neuroscience Research Center College of Medicine National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan nchu.edu.tw."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ting-Chun Lin",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-5560-7025"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lan-Yan Yang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6305-540X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yu-Hsuan Lin",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4867-8379"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hsin-Bei Lei",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-1607-6809"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shih-Chi Chiu",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-1547-2195"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ting-Chun Fang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4410-8702"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ming-Hong Chang",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7699-334X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yi-Jen Guo",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-9396-2549"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/26ac48h8s4z2x.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1155/padi/9572752",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13687933",
  "id": "26ac48h8s4z2x",
  "issns": [
    "2090-8083",
    "2042-0080"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923752",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2809|Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223183333",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13687933?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13687933",
  "pmid": "42923752",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/26ac48h8s4z2x.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42923752",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42923752"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2809|Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Odor-Specific Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease-UPSIT-TC Odor Identification Status Versus Clinical Severity.",
  "title_text": "Odor-Specific Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease-UPSIT-TC Odor Identification Status Versus Clinical Severity.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/26ac48h8s4z2x",
  "venue": "Parkinson's disease",
  "versions": []
}