{
  "abstract": "Inland waters are now recognised as major sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. In this review, we compile and reconcile the most recent global estimates of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions and place them in the context of continental GHG budgets. Estimates indicate combined inland-water emissions of ~8.2 (6.5-10.6; 90%CI) Pg CO2-eq. yr -1 (100-year horizon), despite inland waters only covering <3% of the land surface. We further synthesize spatially explicit estimates to map global emission patterns, highlighting lowlatitude river networks and the numerous small lakes of the Northern hemisphere as the largest emitters, whereas high latitudes, the tropics, and very small waterbodies remain most uncertain with available observations. We also review the relative importance of in-situ production of GHGs versus external inputs from soils, wetlands and groundwater. Drawing on modelling and budget analyses, we estimate that emissions have increased by ~2.8 (2.3 -3.5; 90%CI) Pg CO2-eq. yr -1 since the Industrial Revolution, equivalent to an offset of about one third of the land carbon sink. Finally, we discuss the likely trajectories of inland-water GHG emissions over the twenty-first century and outline priorities for observations, modelling and management needed to better constrain, and ultimately mitigate, this rapidly evolving component of the global GHG budget.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Ronny Lauerwald"
    },
    {
      "name": "David Bastviken"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tom Battin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Philippe Ciais"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hanqin Tian"
    },
    {
      "name": "George Allen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gwenaël Abril"
    },
    {
      "name": "Núria Catalan"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bridget Deemer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alessandra Marzadri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yves Prairie"
    },
    {
      "name": "Suzanne Tank"
    },
    {
      "name": "Qianlai Zhuang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lishan Ran"
    },
    {
      "name": "Josep Canadell"
    },
    {
      "name": "Pierre Regnier"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/27a02b31jvrh4.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s43017-026-00818-7",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "27a02b31jvrh4",
  "issns": [
    "2662-138X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05779501v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "0.sde"
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  "openalex": "W7214916165",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05779501/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "Nature",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/27a02b31jvrh4.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:48Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05779501",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05779501v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:1.sde.mcg",
      "subfield": "climate"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:0.sde",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:2.sdu.stu.hy",
      "subfield": "hydrology-soils"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Importance, drivers and trends of inland water greenhouse gas emissions",
  "title_text": "Importance, drivers and trends of inland water greenhouse gas emissions",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/27a02b31jvrh4",
  "venue": "Nature Reviews Earth & Environment",
  "versions": []
}