{
  "abstract": "Vanadium (V) toxicity severely restricts plant growth and yield. The mechanistic basis by which Trichoderma-synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe) can improve V stress tolerance in rice remains unclear. To bridge this gap, we evaluated the protective efficacy of nFe in rice seedlings exposed to vanadium (V) stress. Results revealed that nFe lowered V-induced toxic impacts by minimizing V, MDA, H2O2, and O2•− accumulation in leaves and roots. These reductions were correlated to improved photosynthesis phenomics, biomass, and membrane integrity, and reduced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nFe significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expressions, and partially restored the amino acid (such as glycine, GABA, and proline) accumulation in V-treated seedlings, underscoring its crucial roles in plant defense. Additionally, nFe modulated the subcellular distribution of V by facilitating cell wall fixation and vacuolar sequestration by regulating chelator genes (OsPCS1, OsMT2b, OsPCS2 and OsGSH). Moreover, nFe recovered V-inducede cellular damages by preserving mesophyll structures, mainly chloroplast and thylakoids membrane. V accumulation, Fe uptake, photosynthesis, redox homeostasis and amino acid metabolism serve as key physiological indicators for evaluating crop cultivation under V-stressed conditions. Practically, the foliar application of biogenic nFe offers a promising and sustainable agricultural strategy to improve crop resilience and ensure food security in metal-contaminated soils.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan",
    "School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572000, China",
    "Key Laboratory of Forest Pathology, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China",
    "Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China",
    "College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China",
    "Research Department, Natural and Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia",
    "Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia",
    "Department of Applied Biology, College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates",
    "Faculty of Pharmacy, Alsalam University, Tanta 31511, Egypt"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hafsah Shahbaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Zaid Ulhassan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Zainab Shahbaz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zohaib Kaleem"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Aamir Mehmood Shah",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2037-1864"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Afrah E. Mohammed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Modhi O. Alotaibi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6604-1652"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Dalal H. Alkhalifah",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5228-1399"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Ali El-Keblawy",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4448-6236"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28kw2r61402eg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219588",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "28kw2r61402eg",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9588",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224000536",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28kw2r61402eg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219588",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9588"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1110|Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance",
      "subfield": "plant-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Trichoderma-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Confer Vanadium Tolerance in Rice Through Multiple Defense Responses",
  "title_text": "Trichoderma-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Confer Vanadium Tolerance in Rice Through Multiple Defense Responses",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28kw2r61402eg",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}