{
  "abstract": "We report an optically modulated experimental realization of a photonic time crystal (PTC) in the microwave regime, demonstrating for the first time that the PTC exponential growth can overcome losses and finite-size constraints of a practical spatio-temporal system and yield stable positive terminal gain over a continuous broadband frequency range. The developed experimental platform is a purely time-modulated capacitor (TMC) microwave circuit based on a microstrip transmission line, in which synchronized optical modulation of reverse-biased photodiodes generates strong (94.5 %) temporal modulation of the effective capacitance at 200 MHz. Broadband amplification consistent with a momentum band gap (MBG), a defining signature of photonic time-crystal physics, is observed, with a peak gain of 3.8 dB over a 65 MHz bandwidth. In addition, a narrow parametric resonance appears at the center of the band gap, reaching 4.8 dB. This sharp peak is associated with the spatial inhomogeneities of the lumped-element realization, while the corresponding homogeneous distributed system retains the Floquet-mode structure of a photonic time crystal. We show that finite microwave TMC implementations inherit the defining physics of PTCs, including phase-invariant non-resonant amplification and slow-light behavior inside the momentum band gap, while finite-size and loss mechanisms transform the ideal semicircular PTC gain profile into a continuous asymmetric non-Lorentzian gain band characterized by a Pearson type IV distribution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Purdue University , West Lafayette , IN , USA",
    "Department of Physics , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa , Israel"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thomas R. Jones"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ludmila J. Prokopeva",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4967-7461"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alexander V. Kildishev",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8382-8422"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mordechai Segev",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9421-2148"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dimitrios Peroulis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4993-1653"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28me0fnf6rcfz.bib",
  "cited_by": 6,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2605.21014",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "28me0fnf6rcfz",
  "issns": [
    "2331-8422"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21014",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2504|Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7162028657",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2605.21014",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-05-20",
  "publisher": "Cornell University",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28me0fnf6rcfz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T13:21:07Z",
      "native_id": "W7162028657",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.21014"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2504|Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Demonstration of Broadband Non-Resonant Time-Crystal Amplification in Microwaves",
  "title_text": "Demonstration of Broadband Non-Resonant Time-Crystal Amplification in Microwaves",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/28me0fnf6rcfz",
  "venue": "arXiv (Cornell University)",
  "versions": []
}