{
  "abstract": "We present a grid of thermal emission contribution functions and their corresponding atmospheric spectra model for cloudy and cloud-free brown dwarfs, spanning effective temperatures T eff ∈ [500, 2000][K], surface gravities log g = [ 3.5 , 5.5 ] [cgs], sedimentation efficiencies f sed = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8, and eddy diffusion coefficients log K zz = [ 6 , 11 ] . We use temperature–pressure profiles from the Sonora Diamondback models in conjunction with the picaso radiative transfer code and the cloud modeling code virga , to explore how different atmospheric parameters influence the vertical distribution of emitted radiation for atmospheres in chemical equilibrium. We confirm that cloud opacity significantly impacts atmospheric emission depth in prominent molecular features, such as CH ₄ , H ₂ O, CO, NH ₃ , CO ₂ , and atomic features Na and K. The atmospheric emission depth varies most notably in the J band, and at midresolution spectra in the Na and K doublets. Our analysis highlights pressure-wavelength differences between cloudy and cloud-free atmospheres for characterizing L, L/T transition, and T-type brown dwarfs and demonstrates how contribution functions can guide targeted spectroscopic investigations. To facilitate observational planning, we provide an accessible database and web-based application that enable the community to compare observational data with our model grid of spectra and contribution functions with a wavelength range of 0.5–30 μ m.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Central Florida",
    "Space Telescope Science Institute",
    "Johns Hopkins University",
    "University of Arizona"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Myrla Phillippe",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6059-9471"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Theodora Karalidi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7356-6652"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Elena Manjavacas",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0192-6887"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Natalia Oliveros Gomez",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5254-6740"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Apai",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3714-5855"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Fernandez",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-5805-880X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Kieran M Manjrawala"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2erj7k4bj31c7.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/aea222",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2erj7k4bj31c7",
  "issns": [
    "0004-637X",
    "1538-4357"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea222",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7213597370",
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea222/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2erj7k4bj31c7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4357/aea222",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aea222"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Grid of Contribution Functions to Help the Interpretation of Time-resolved Observations of Brown Dwarfs",
  "title_text": "A Grid of Contribution Functions to Help the Interpretation of Time-resolved Observations of Brown Dwarfs",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:11Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2erj7k4bj31c7",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.19339",
      "pid": "73rkhn90c8p3d",
      "relation": "preprint",
      "title": "A Grid of Contribution Functions to Help the Interpretation of Time-resolved Observations of Brown Dwarfs",
      "venue": "arXiv"
    }
  ]
}